Table 2. Results of Multivariable Cox Regression Models Examining the Relationship between Inhaled Corticosteroid Use and the Risk of Adverse Gastrointestinal Events.
| All patients (N=19,442) | Patients who were not prescribed NSAIDS within 6 months before the event or censoring time (N = 13,393) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables in the model | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P-Value | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P-Value) |
| Inhaled corticosteroids (yes=1) | 1.27 (1.09-1.48) | 0.002 | 1.26 (1.02-1.56) | 0.03 |
| Sex (male=1) | 0.98 (0.84-1.15) | 0.81 | 0.90 (0.72-1.12) | 0.33 |
| Race (black=1) | 0.80 (0.69-0.93) | 0.003 | 0.84 (0.69-1.03) | 0.09 |
| Age (years, on the index date) | 1.02 (1.02-1.03) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01-1.02) | <0.001 |
| Asthma (yes=1) | 0.74 (0.59-0.91) | 0.004 | 0.68 (0.51-0.90) | 0.006 |
| Smoking (yes=1) | 1.40 (1.19-1.65) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.10-1.77) | 0.01 |
| Alcohol use (yes=1) | 1.60 (1.36-1.89) | <0.001 | 1.86 (1.48-2.34) | <0.001 |
| Oral thrush a(yes=1) | 2.45 (0.78-7.66) | 0.13 | 1.68 (0.23-12.11) | 0.61 |
| GERD a(yes=1) | 1.07 (0.86-1.32) | 0.56 | 1.28 (0.95-1.71) | 0.10 |
| Iron-medications a(yes=1) | 1.55 (1.19-2.01) | 0.001 | 1.45 (0.98-2.14) | 0.07 |
| NSAIDs a(yes=1) | 1.31 (1.13-1.51) | <0.001 | - | - |
| Potassium supplements (yes=1) | 1.27 (1.06 - 1.52) | 0.008 | 1.16 (0.98-1.52) | 0.27 |
| Oral steroid a(yes=1) | 1.09 (0.90-1.32) | 0.36 | 1.09 (0.84-1.40) | 0.52 |
| Spacer a(yes=1) | 0.34 (0.30-0.40) | <0.001 | 0.34 (0.28-0.42) | <0.001 |
| Theophylline a(yes=1) | 1.43 (1.16-1.75) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.36-2.34) | <0.001 |
NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
CI = confidence interval
GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease
a
Referring to the time period after the index date but within 6 months of the event or censored date. One patient was removed from the analyses because of a missing response.