Table 3. Results of Multivariable Cox Regression Models Examining the Relationship between Spacer Use and the Risk of Adverse Gastrointestinal Events in Patients Prescribed Inhaled Corticosteroids.

	All patients using inhaled corticosteroids (N = 7,155)		Patients using inhaled corticosteroids but were not prescribed NSAIDs within 6 months of the event or censoring date (N = 4,679)
Variables in the model	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	P Value	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	P Value
Spacer (yes=1)	0.29 (0.24-0.35)	<0.001	0.26 (0.20-0.34)	<0.001
Sex (male=1)	1.03 (0.84-1.27)	0.77	0.92 (0.69-1.23)	0.59
Race (black=1)	0.84 (0.69-1.01)	0.06	0.86 (0.66-1.12)	0.26
Age on index date (years)	1.02 (1.01-1.02)	<0.001	1.01 (1.01-1.02)	0.002
Asthma (yes=1)	0.76 (0.59-0.99)	0.044	0.64 (0.45-0.90)	0.01
Smoking (yes=1)	1.44 (1.17-1.77)	<0.001	1.45 (1.08-1.95)	0.01
Alcohol use (yes=1)	1.53 (1.23-1.91)	<0.001	1.80 (1.33-2.44)	<0.001
Iron-medications *(yes=1)	1.62 (1.15-2.28)	0.006	1.67 (1.02-2.71)	0.04
NSAIDs *(yes=1)	1.35 (1.12-1.62)	0.002	-	-
Potassium supplements (yes=1)	1.37 (1.10-1.72)	0.006	1.36 (0.98-1.90)	0.06
Oral steroid *(yes=1)	1.24 (0.99-1.54)	0.06	1.23 (0.92-1.65)	0.16
Theophylline *(yes=1)	1.47 (1.15-1.88)	0.002	1.80 (1.30-2.49)	<0.001

NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

CI = confidence interval

^*Referring to the time period after index date but within 6 months of the event or censoring date. One patient was removed from the analyses because of a missing response.