Table 2.
Spectral Properties, Warble and Whistle
| Time | Statistics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 6 (n = 9) | Day 8 (n = 10) | Day 10 (n = 9) | Day 21 (n = 9) | ANOVA | |
| Whistle pitch (kHz) | |||||
| Mean | 3.34 ± 0.09 | 3.44 ± 0.15 | 3.42 ± 0.11 | 3.41 ± 0.11 | F3,9 = 1.22, P = 0.325 |
| CV | 0.11 ± 0.03a | 0.06 ± 0.02a,b | 0.04 ± 0.01a,b | 0.03 ± 0.01b | F3,9 = 4.66, P = 0.011 |
|
| |||||
| Whistle FM (degrees) | |||||
| Mean | 6.94 ± 0.40a | 5.65 ± 0.57a,b | 4.51 ± 0.47b,c | 3.75 ± 0.39c | F3,9 = 7.69, P < 0.001 |
| CV | 0.50 ± 0.08 | 0.41 ± 0.08 | 0.40 ± 0.08 | 0.32 ± 0.06 | F3,9 = 1.24, P = 0.318 |
|
| |||||
| Whistle entropy | |||||
| Mean | −5.68 ± 0.13a | −5.66 ± 0.12a | −5.82 ± 0.12a,b | −6.09± 0.05b | F3,9 = 5.49, P = 0.005 |
| CV | −0.06 ± 0.01a | −0.06 ± 0.02a | −0.04 ± 0.01a,b | −0.01± 0.01b | F3,9 = 4.65, P = 0.011 |
|
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| Whistle pitch goodness | |||||
| Mean | 34.57± 4.41a | 34.19± 5.28a | 28.20 ± 4.35a,b | 17.34±1.71b | F3,9 = 8.11, P < 0.001 |
| CV | 0.18 ± 0.04 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | F3,9 = 4.81, P = 0.010 |
|
| |||||
| Warble pitch (kHz) | |||||
| Mean | 3.56 ± 0.14a | 3.78 ± 0.11a,b | 3.74 ± 0.11a,b | 3.90 ± 0.09b | F3,9 = 4.41, P = 0.014 |
| CV | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | F3,9 = 2.12, P = 0.126 |
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| Warble FM (degrees) | |||||
| Mean | 25.67± 2.12a | 22.17 ± 2.06b | 22.16 ± 2.28b | 20.89±3.49b | F3,9 = 5.48, P = 0.005 |
| CV | 0.28 ± 0.06a | 0.16 ± 0.03a,b | 0.14 ± 0.02b | 0.10 ± 0.02b | F3,9 = 5.12, P = 0.007 |
|
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| Warble entropy | |||||
| Mean | −5.05 ± 0.15a | −5.28 ± 0.09a,b | −5.27 ± 0.13a,b | −5.56± 0.12b | F3,9 = 5.42, P = 0.006 |
| CV | −0.08 ± 0.02a | −0.04 ± 0.01a,b | −0.03 ± 0.01a,b | −0.02± 0.01b | F3,9 = 3.34, P = 0.037 |
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| |||||
| Warble pitch goodness | |||||
| Mean | 80.87± 8.78a | 68.39 ± 6.32a,b | 69.58 ± 7.89a,b | 58.88±10.82b | F3,9 = 4.60, P = 0.012 |
| CV | 0.26 ± 0.05a | 0.14 ± 0.02b | 0.15 ± 0.02a,b | 0.13±0.01a,b | F3,9 = 3.94, P = 0.021 |
All values are mean ± SEM. CV = Coefficient of Variation (SD/mean). FM = frequency modulation. Entropy and pitch goodness are unitless. Different superscript letters denote significant differences across a row. Across a row, groups with the same letter do not significantly differ from one another. Lack of letters indicates that no significant differences were found.