Table 2.

Hazard ratio (95% CI) for all-cause, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and coronary heart disease mortality associated with sex and tertile of creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium.

	Men				Women
Mortality	< 0.21 μg/g	0.21–0.47 μg/g	≥ 0.48 μg/g	p-Value for trend	< 0.29 μg/g	0.29–0.67 μg/g	≥ 0.68 μg/g	p-Value for trend
All-cause	n = 94	n = 250	n = 657		n = 71	n = 205	n = 413
Age and race/ethnicity adjusted	1.00	1.54 (1.05–2.26)	2.48 (1.75–3.50)	< 0.001	1.00	1.32 (0.89–1.96)	1.66 (1.18–2.34)	0.005
Multivariable adjusteda	1.00	1.43 (0.95–2.16)	1.68 (1.09–2.58)	0.02	1.00	1.18 (0.78–1.78)	1.14 (0.78–1.66)	0.87
Cancerb	n = 15	n = 47	n = 204		n = 15	n = 46	n = 112
Age and race/ethnicity adjusted	1.00	2.54 (1.35–4.80)	8.03 (4.58–14.1)	< 0.001	1.00	1.03 (0.51–2.08)	1.76 (0.88–3.50)	0.02
Multivariable adjusteda	1.00	2.16 (1.11–4.21)	4.29 (2.31–7.96)	0.001	1.00	0.93 (0.47–1.86)	1.11 (0.55–2.22)	0.52
Cardiovascular disease	n = 44	n = 129	n = 276		n = 41	n = 103	n = 176
Age and race/ethnicity adjusted	1.00	1.75 (0.94–3.25)	1.89 (1.07–3.31)	0.03	1.00	1.06 (0.52–2.14)	1.05 (0.61–1.80)	0.92
Multivariable adjusteda	1.00	1.66 (0.89–3.11)	1.33 (0.69–2.56)	0.68	1.00	0.96 (0.47–1.97)	0.82 (0.47–1.42)	0.19
Coronary heart disease	n = 21	n = 65	n = 155		n = 19	n = 36	n = 71
Age and race/ethnicity adjusted	1.00	2.58 (0.96–6.93)	2.58 (1.02–6.49)	0.15	1.00	0.56 (0.28–1.12)	0.69 (0.42–1.15)	0.81
Multivariable adjusteda	1.00	2.69 (0.94–7.71)	2.48 (0.85–7.27)	0.42	1.00	0.49 (0.26–0.90)	0.45 (0.24–0.83)	0.08

n, number of events.

^aAdjustment included age (restricted quadratic spline with knots at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile of the overall study sample), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, other), postmenopausal status (among women), urban residence (urban, rural), annual household income (< $20,000, ≥ $20,000), high school education, smoking category (never, former who quit ≥ 4 years ago, former who quit < 4 years ago, current), tertile of pack-years (< 9.0, 9.0–28.2, ≥ 28.2), physical activity (none, 1–2, ≥ 3 times a week), diabetes, BMI (continuous), alcohol consumption (< 12, ≥ 12 drinks in the past year), CRP (not detectable, 0.3–0.9, ≥ 1.0 mg/dL), total cholesterol (continuous), systolic blood pressure (continuous), blood pressure–lowering medication, blood lead (log-transformed), and eGFR (< 60, 60–89, ≥ 90 mL/min, 1.73 m²).

^bBecause of few cancer (n = 15 for men and women) and coronary heart disease (n = 21 for men and n = 19 for women) deaths in the lowest tertile, the hazard ratio estimates for cancer and coronary heart disease mortality may be unstable.