Table 3. Responses to open-ended and direct questions about the ingestion of prescription liquid cough syrup and odds ratios for the onset of acute renal failure for affirmative responses in case and control patients, Panama 2006.
| Response | Cases (N = 42) |
Controls (N = 140) |
Crude odds ratioa (95% CI) | Adjusted odds ratioa,b (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||||
| Open-ended question | |||||||
| Yes | 17 | 40.5 | 4 | 2.9 | 13.1 (3.92–43.6) | 11.1 (3.17–39.0) | |
| No | 25 | 59.5 | 136 | 97.1 | Referent | Referent | |
| Direct questionc | |||||||
| Yes | 37 | 90.2 | 29 | 20.9 | 37.3 (8.82–158) | 31.0 (6.93–139) | |
| No | 4 | 7.3 | 110 | 79.1 | Referent | Referent | |
CI, confidence interval. a Statistically significant findings are in boldface type. b Adjusted model controlled for pre-existing hypertension, pre-existing renal disease and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, including enalapril, lisinopril and ramipril. c One case patient who was unsure about the consumption of liquid syrups was coded as missing.