Table 3. Household characteristics in areas served by MHOs and a control area without MHOs, Mali, 2003–2004.
Characteristic | Household membership in MHO |
Total n = 2 280 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MHO member n = 817 | MHO non-member in MHO catchment area n = 787 | Control n = 676 | ||
Head of household | ||||
Age in years* (%) | ||||
≤ 24 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 5 |
25–34 | 17 | 27 | 31 | 28 |
35–49 | 39 | 37 | 34 | 36 |
≥ 50 | 41 | 30 | 31 | 31 |
Educational level*** (%) | ||||
No education | 26 | 43 | 61 | 49 |
Primary | 43 | 47 | 38 | 43 |
Secondary | 31 | 11 | 1 | 8 |
Ethnic group*** (%) | ||||
Bambara | 18 | 29 | 64 | 42 |
Senofo | 43 | 34 | 10 | 25 |
Other | 39 | 37 | 26 | 33 |
Female*** (%) | 21 | 6 | 2 | 5 |
Occupation*** (%) | ||||
None | 21 | 17 | 10 | 15 |
Agriculture | 21 | 25 | 83 | 48 |
Commerce | 55 | 54 | 6 | 35 |
Other | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
Household | ||||
Mean size | 7.0*** | 6.0*** | 6.6*** | 6.3 |
Mean number women 15–49 years old | 1.7*** | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
Mean number children < 5 years old | 0.9** | 1.1** | 1.4*** | 1.2 |
Religion (%) | ||||
Muslim | 97 | 97 | 95 | 95 |
Other | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 |
Kilometers to health facilitya*** (%) | ||||
< 1 | 88 | 77 | 30 | 59 |
2–5 | 8 | 13 | 23 | 17 |
6–10 | 1 | 8 | 32 | 17 |
≥ 11 | 3 | 2 | 14 | 7 |
Residence*** (%) | ||||
Rural | 10 | 19 | 100 | 50 |
Small urban | 13 | 14 | 0 | 9 |
Large urban | 77 | 67 | 0 | 41 |
Mean per capita incomeb | ||||
CFA francs | 283 738 | 227 644 | 121 097 | 188 409 |
US$ | 538 | 432 | 230 | 358 |
Household wealth (consumption quintiles)c** (%) | ||||
Poor | 5 | 12 | 33 | 20 |
Middle poor | 12 | 16 | 27 | 20 |
Middle | 17 | 21 | 19 | 20 |
Middle rich | 25 | 24 | 14 | 20 |
Rich | 41 | 27 | 7 | 20 |
*P < 0.10; **P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001. MHO, mutual health organization. a Distance to the closest health facility is self-reported. b Mean income was calculated based on family consumption divided by household size. US$ 1 = 527 CFA francs at the time of the survey in 2004. c Income quintiles were determined by dividing the total study population in the 5 equally sized income groups.