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Immunohistochemical staining for TGF-β1. TGF-β1 was negative in the normal kidneys (A, × 200 and B, × 400). In ADPKD kidneys, TGF-β1 was upregulated in cystic epithelial cells (C and D, × 400). TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1; ADPKD, autosomal dominant kidney disease.
