Table 1.

Image-Defined Risk Factors in Neuroblastic Tumors

Ipsilateral tumor extension within two body compartments

Neck-chest, chest-abdomen, abdomen-pelvis

Neck

Tumor encasing carotid and/or vertebral artery and/or internal jugular vein

Tumor extending to base of skull

Tumor compressing the trachea

Cervico-thoracic junction

Tumor encasing brachial plexus roots

Tumor encasing subclavian vessels and/or vertebral and/or carotid artery

Tumor compressing the trachea

Thorax

Tumor encasing the aorta and/or major branches

Tumor compressing the trachea and/or principal bronchi

Lower mediastinal tumor, infiltrating the costo-vertebral junction between T9 and T12

Thoraco-abdominal

Tumor encasing the aorta and/or vena cava

Abdomen/pelvis

Tumor infiltrating the porta hepatis and/or the hepatoduodenal ligament

Tumor encasing branches of the superior mesenteric artery at the mesenteric root

Tumor encasing the origin of the coeliac axis, and/or of the superior mesenteric artery

Tumor invading one or both renal pedicles

Tumor encasing the aorta and/or vena cava

Tumor encasing the iliac vessels

Pelvic tumor crossing the sciatic notch

Intraspinal tumor extension whatever the location provided that:

More than one third of the spinal canal in the axial plane is invaded and/or the perimedullary leptomeningeal spaces are not visible and/or the spinal cord signal is abnormal

Infiltration of adjacent organs/structures

Pericardium, diaphragm, kidney, liver, duodeno-pancreatic block, and mesentery

Conditions to be recorded, but not considered IDRFs

Multifocal primary tumors

Pleural effusion, with or without malignant cells

Ascites, with or without malignant cells

Abbreviation: IDRFs, image-defined risk factors.