Table 1.
Total percentage cover of woody canopies, live and dead/senescent herbaceous canopies, and bare soil across the four treatments in both lowland and upland landscape positions in KNP
| Site | Protected from herbivores |
Accessible to herbivores |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Woody cover (%) | Live herbaceous canopy (%) | Dead/senescent herbaceous canopy (%) | Bare soil (%) | Woody cover (%) | Live herbaceous canopy (%) | Dead/senescent herbaceous canopy (%) | Bare soil (%) | ||
| Long-term basalt (Nwashitsumbe) | Upland | 15.6 | 32.4 | 56.7 | 10.9 | 1.4 | 26.4 | 64.2 | 9.3 |
| Lowland | 12.7 | 26.7 | 69.8 | 3.6 | 1.7 | 26.0 | 68.5 | 5.5 | |
| Long-term granite (Hlangwine) | Upland | 25.5 | 39.3 | 60.0 | 0.7 | 22.6 | 53.1 | 43.6 | 3.3 |
| Lowland | 12.7 | 42.2 | 57.3 | 0.4 | 5.8 | 55.8 | 42.3 | 1.9 | |
| Short-term granite (Nkuhlu) | Upland | 26.9 | 25.1 | 67.7 | 7.1 | 17.2 | 25.0 | 63.5 | 11.5 |
| Lowland | 30.9 | 28.5 | 64.7 | 6.8 | 24.7 | 20.0 | 46.4 | 33.6 | |
| Short-term granite (Letaba) | Upland | 10.0 | 22.7 | 69.6 | 7.3 | 9.5 | 25.1 | 58.6 | 16.3 |
| Lowland | 48.4 | 33.9 | 60.0 | 6.1 | 20.6 | 21.1 | 53.2 | 25.8 | |
| Hillslope comparison | Upland | 18.2 | 29.6 | 65.2 | 5.2 | 11.1 | 31.3 | 59.7 | 9.0 |
| Lowland | 22.3 | 32.1 | 64.3 | 3.6 | 13.2 | 29.0 | 53.1 | 17.9 | |
| Total | 19.8 | 30.0 | 65.2 | 4.8 | 11.8 | 30.3 | 55.6 | 14.1 | |
″Protected″ and ″accessible″ indicate portions of the landscape without and with herbivore activity, respectively. Woody canopy cover values are the mean percentage cover of vegetation > 1 m tall, as defined through airborne laser point cloud classification. Other values are the fractional contribution of live herbaceous, dead or senescent herbaceous, and bare soil cover, as defined from the spectral mixture analysis of hyperspectral imagery (see SI Materials and Methods).