TABLE 3.

Significant associations between antimicrobial resistance and consumption, as well as antimicrobial resistance and time^a

Antimicrobial	Effect	PE	SE	DF	t value	P value
Trimethoprim resistance vs:
Trimethoprim consumption	Intercept	22.7864	2.5613	19	8.90	<0.0001
	Use	1.8562	1.7348	101	1.07	0.2872
	Time	−1.0350	0.1599	18	−6.47	<0.0001
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole consumption	Intercept	23.4825	2.8711	19	8.18	<0.0001
	Use	1.6784	2.6296	101	0.64	0.5248
	Time	−0.9185	0.2281	18	−4.03	0.0008
Trimethoprim + trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole	Intercept	21.7928	3.2112	19	6.79	<0.0001
consumption	Use	1.4929	1.3003	101	1.15	0.2536
	Time	−0.9414	0.1789	18	−5.26	<0.0001
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance vs trimethoprim	Intercept	14.8609	3.2751	14	4.54	0.0005
consumption	Use	4.0385	2.2581	51	1.79	0.0796
	Time	−0.5120	0.1972	14	−2.60	0.0211
Amdinocillin resistance vs pivemecillinam	Intercept	6.6642	0.8741	19	7.62	<0.0001
consumption	Use	−2.3751	2.0454	99	−1.16	0.2484
	Time	−0.3489	0.1067	18	−3.27	0.0042
Nitrofurantoin resistance vs:
Cephalosporin consumption	Intercept	1.8621	0.5244	19	3.55	0.0021
	Use	0.5351	0.2420	101	2.21	0.0293
	Time	−0.1649	0.01780	18	−9.26	<0.0001
Nitrofurantoin consumption	Intercept	1.3163	0.4149	19	3.17	0.0050
	Use	2.3330	0.5706	101	4.09	<0.0001
	Time	−0.1470	0.01888	18	−7.78	<0.0001
Fluoroquinolone resistance vs:
Amoxicillin consumption	Intercept	−0.7831	0.9665	18	−0.81	0.4284
	Use	1.1040	0.3602	67	3.07	0.0031
	Time	0.1340	0.05816	17	2.30	0.0341
Cephalosporin consumption	Intercept	0.4062	1.1655	19	0.35	0.7312
	Use	0.6954	0.5089	84	1.37	0.1754
	Time	0.1348	0.04830	18	2.79	0.0121
Levofloxacin consumption	Intercept	1.4633	0.3140	19	4.66	0.0002
	Use	2.3937	1.4940	70	1.60	0.1136
	Time	0.1553	0.05384	18	2.88	0.0099
Ampicillin resistance vs:
Fluoroquinolone consumption	Intercept	26.4905	1.4621	10	18.12	<0.0001
	Use	6.0910	2.0193	37	3.02	0.0046
	Time	−1.0954	0.1987	9	−5.51	0.0004
Amoxicillin consumption	Intercept	27.2247	3.0584	10	8.90	<0.0001
	Use	0.4518	1.1006	37	0.41	0.6838
	Time	−0.6667	0.1602	9	−4.16	0.0024
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid consumption	Intercept	28.4583	1.0262	10	27.73	<0.0001
	Use	0.7535	1.6045	37	0.47	0.6414
	Time	−0.7592	0.2161	9	−3.51	0.0066

^aSignificant associations between resistance and consumption are highlighted in boldface type. Parameter estimates (PE), standard errors, degrees of freedom (DF), t values, and P values were obtained by fitting a linear mixed model for repeated measures. The fixed-effects estimates shown here represent the estimated means for the random intercept and slope. See the Materials and Methods section for more detailed information.