Table 2.

Potential noninvasive oxidant biomarkers for the assessment of asthma, COPD, their differential diagnosis and phenotypes by combining the existent knowledge and future technologies

Exhaled air/exhaled breath condensate (EBC)

FeNO (various flow rates) Profiles/clusters of volatile compounds by using new gas chromatographic/MS technologies Metabolomics (Assessment of low molecular weight compounds in EBC)

Induced sputum

Combinations of certain oxidant markers and footprints of oxidative damage (differential diagnosis, disease severity) Combinations of certain antioxidant enzymes (disease severity) Posttranslational modifications/inactivation of the antioxidant/detoxification enzymes in human lung (disease severity) Matrix metalloproteinases and their specific combinations (disease severity, differential diagnosis, phenotype) Sputome (proteomics from induced sputum) (differential diagnosis, disease severity, phenotype)