TABLE 4.

Examples of key cardiovascular risk factors for atherosclerosis

Nonmodifiable

Age ≥55 years

Male sex

Family history of premature cardiovascular disease (age <55 years in men and <65 years in women)

Modifiable

Sedentary lifestyle

Poor dietary habits

Abdominal obesity

Abnormal glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus

Smoking

Dyslipidemia

Stress

Target organ damage

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Microalbuminuria or proteinuria

Chronic kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2)

Prior history of clinically overt atherosclerotic disease indicates a very high risk for a recurrent atherosclerotic event (eg, peripheral artery disease, previous stroke or transient ischemic attack, coronary artery disease). Reproduced with permission of the Canadian Hypertension Education Program