Table 5.

Gender Differences in Acute Abstinence (Objective Measures)

	Nonabstinent				Abstinent				Abstinence-induced changeb
Measure	Men	Women	t	d	Men	Women	t	d	Men	Women	t	d
Physiological measures
HR (bpm)c	77.78	82.26	2.85**	0.40	68.68	72.14	2.19*	0.31	−8.96	−10.12	ns	—
SBP (mmHg)c	125.38	122.04	ns	—	124.85	121.92	ns	—	−0.56	−0.09	ns	—
DBP (mmHg)c	75.85	74.27	ns	—	73.48	74.18	nsa	—	−2.52	−0.09	ns	—
EEG eyes closed (μV2)
Δ power	81.76	118.51	3.73a***	0.53	109.18	149.31	3.78***	0.53	26.53	29.01	ns	—
θ power	49.86	84.22	4.17a***	0.59	64.03	103.06	4.02a***	0.57	14.18	17.91	nsa	—
α power	145.65	191.45	2.22*	0.31	140.91	192.39	2.60a**	0.37	−7.36	−3.83	ns	—
β1 power	32.09	50.14	5.29a***	0.75	36.69	55.63	4.71a***	0.66	4.05	6.28	nsa	—
β2 power	5.95	8.51	3.58***	0.51	6.58	9.16	3.57***	0.50	0.56	0.70	ns	—
Δ frequency	2.66	2.71	ns	—	2.71	2.66	nsa	—	0.06	−0.05	2.78**	0.39
θ frequency	6.95	6.97	ns	—	6.97	6.98	ns	—	0.02	0.01	ns	—
α frequency	10.67	10.64	ns	—	10.54	10.58	ns	—	−0.13	−0.05	ns	—
β1 frequency	19.96	19.93	ns	—	19.81	19.83	ns	—	−0.15	−0.11	ns	—
β2 frequency	29.15	29.14	ns	—	29.20	29.25	ns	—	0.06	0.11	ns	—
EEG eyes open (μV2)
Δ power	113.38	158.04	3.45a***	0.49	135.57	165.31	2.00*	0.28	21.94	7.27	ns	—
θ power	43.65	65.12	3.62a***	0.51	50.40	70.38	3.26a**	0.46	6.94	6.31	nsa	—
α power	59.08	80.59	2.02a*	0.29	64.22	87.16	2.26a*	0.32	5.41	6.57	ns	—
β1 power	26.29	37.26	3.87a***	0.55	29.51	41.98	4.08a***	0.58	−.57	4.76	nsa	—
β2 power	6.89	8.86	2.17*	0.31	4.64	5.86	2.01**	0.28	−2.35	−3.00	ns	—
Δ frequency	2.65	2.64	ns	—	2.69	2.67	ns	—	0.04	0.04	ns	—
θ frequency	6.77	6.79	ns	—	6.79	6.82	ns	—	0.01	0.03	ns	—
α frequency	11.11	11.03	ns	—	10.98	10.93	ns	—	−0.13	−0.10	ns	—
β1 frequency	20.24	20.22	ns	—	20.08	20.01	ns	—	−0.18	−0.21	ns	—
β2 frequency	29.26	29.28	ns	—	29.35	29.35	ns	—	0.09	0.07	ns	—
Cognitive measures
RIPT
Hit rate (%)	51.6	50.6	ns	—	48.6	48.7	ns	—	−3.30	−1.97	ns	—
RT (ms)	537	540	ns	—	551	574	ns	—	14.7	33.7	ns	—
False positives (per min)	3.83	4.57	ns	—	3.83	4.79	ns	—	−0.01	0.22	ns	—
ST
RT (s)	5.42	4.93	2.09*	0.30	5.93	5.40	ns	—	0.54	0.47	nsa	—
Errors (%)	7.85	5.19	nsa	—	6.25	4.44	nsa	—	32.13	30.75	ns	—
MT
RT (s)	1.97	1.91	nsa	—	2.06	2.04	ns	—	0.09	0.12	ns	—
Errors (%)	20.99	20.31	ns	—	22.45	21.31	ns	—	1.46	1.06	ns	—
DSST
Total correct	22.93	24.09	ns	—	22.47	22.50	ns	—	−0.63	31.59	ns	—
Errors (%)	15.34	15.68	ns	—	15.14	21.23	nsa	—	−0.02	5.55	nsa	—
Smoking Stroop Task
Standard effect (RT)	35.9	50.1	nsa	—	41.7	63.0	ns	—	4.31	10.1	ns	—
Acute effect (RT)	42.4	87.8	nsa	—	95.0	103	ns	—	47.4	13.0	ns	—

Note. Mean scores displayed. For nonsignificant effects, d and t values are not shown. Because of missing data, sample sizes vary across analyses (Ns = 183–203). EEGs for eyes closed and eyes open were averaged over Fz, Cz, and Pz electrodes. HR = heart rate; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; EEG = electroencephalogram; RIPT = Rapid Information Processing Task; ST = Two-Letter Search Task; MT = Serial Math Task; DSST = Digit Symbol Substitution Task; RT = reaction time.

^aSatterthwaite test was used because of unequal variances (p < .05).

^bAbstinence–induced change = abstinent − nonabstinent.

^cTime 1 data reported.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.