Table 1. Physical Activity Adjusted Associations of Blood Markers With Muscle Characteristics in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (n = 251).
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | Trend p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calf muscle cross-sectional area | |||||
| CRP (mg/l) | ≤0.89 | 0.89-1.86 | 1.86-3.82 | >3.82 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 5,796 (174) | 5,848 (171) | 5,666 (181) | 5,108 (165) | 0.004 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 5,767 (171) | 5,846 (168) | 5,684 (177) | 5,121 (162) | 0.005 |
| D-dimer (μg/ml) | ≤0.47 | 0.47-0.66 | 0.66-1.03 | >1.03 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 5,787 (174) | 5,814 (176) | 5,460 (176) | 5,265 (189) | 0.028 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 5,766 (171) | 5,759 (175) | 5,485 (174) | 5,324 (188) | 0.066 |
| sVCAM-1 (ng/ml) | <843 | 843-1,041 | 1,041-1,331 | > 1,331 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 5,905 (180) | 5,539 (164) | 5,642 (189) | 5,295 (173) | 0.035 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 5,849 (178) | 5,519 (161) | 5,644 (186) | 5,368 (173) | 0.110 |
| sICAM-1 (ng/ml) | ≤247 | 247-292 | 292-349 | >349 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 5,642 (188) | 5,366 (178) | 5,821 (180) | 5,552 (177) | 0.924 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 5,624 (185) | 5,403 (176) | 5,743 (179) | 5,608 (175) | 0.780 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/ml) | ≤1.78 | 1.78-2.60 | 2.60-4.54 | >4.54 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 5,938 (166) | 5,626 (171) | 5,878 (166) | 4,885 (168) | <0.001 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 5,915 (165) | 5,640 (169) | 5,837 (166) | 4,940 (168) | 0.001 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/l) | <0.843 | 0.843-10.76 | 10.76-13.51 | >13.51 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 5,797 (174) | 5,556 (188) | 5,713 (175) | 5,272 (183) | 0.098 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 5,792 (171) | 5,536 (185) | 5.688 (172) | 5,320 (181) | 0.131 |
| Calf muscle percent fat | |||||
| CRP (mg/l) | ≤0.89 | 0.89-1.86 | 1.86-3.82 | >3.82 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 9.97% (1.75) | 8.88% (1.72) | 9.11% (1.82) | 14.55% (1.66) | 0.056 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 10.26% (1.72) | 8.88% (1.68) | 8.95% (1.78) | 14.55% (1.63) | 0.078 |
| D-dimer (μg/ml) | ≤0.47 | 0.47-0.66 | 0.66-1.03 | >1.03 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 10.22% (1.70) | 8.38% (1.72) | 10.73% (1.72) | 12.60% (1.86) | 0.278 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 10.43% (1.68) | 8.88% (1.71) | 10.50% (1.70) | 12.04% (1.85) | 0.474 |
| sVCAM-1 (ng/ml) | <843 | 843-1,041 | 1,041-1,331 | >1,331 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 8.57% (1.79) | 9.81% (1.63) | 11.11% (1.88) | 13.78% (1.72) | 0.034 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 9.10% (1.78) | 10.00% (1.61) | 11.09% (1.86) | 13.08% (1.72) | 0.106 |
| sICAM-1 (ng/ml) | ≤247 | 247-292 | 292-349 | >349 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 10.17% (1.86) | 12.01% (1.76) | 9.20% (1.79) | 11.76% (1.76) | 0.748 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 10.35% (1.83) | 11.64% (1.74) | 9.94% (1.79) | 11.24% (1.75) | 0.876 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/ml) | ≤1.78 | 1.78-2.60 | 2.60-4.54 | >4.54 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 9.22% (1.70) | 9.80% (1.74) | 7.91% (1.70) | 16.43% (1.71) | 0.013 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 9.46% (1.68) | 9.65% (1.73) | 8.34% (1.69) | 15.87% (1.71) | 0.025 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/l) | <0.843 | 0.843-10.76 | 10.76-13.51 | >13.51 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 8.61% (1.69) | 11.62% (1.86) | 9.03% (1.73) | 14.54% (1.79) | 0.065 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 8.67% (1.67) | 11.80% (1.83) | 9.26% (1.70) | 14.07% (1.77) | 0.091 |
| Calf muscle density (gm/cm3) | |||||
| CRP (mg/l) | ≤0.89 | 0.89-1.86 | 1.86-3.82 | >3.82 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 32.75 (0.62) | 33.24 (0.61) | 32.60 (0.64) | 32.26 (0.59) | 0.437 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 32.65 (0.61) | 33.24 (0.60) | 32.66 (0.63) | 32.31 (0.58) | 0.536 |
| D-dimer (μg/ml) | ≤0.47 | 0.47-0.66 | 0.66-1.03 | >1.03 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 33.51 (0.58) | 34.05 (0.59) | 32.55 (0.59) | 30.63 (0.63) | 0.001 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 33.46 (0.58) | 33.92 (0.59) | 32.61 (0.59) | 30.77 (0.64) | 0.002 |
| sVCAM-1 (ng/ml) | <843 | 843-1,041 | 1,041-1,331 | >1,331 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 33.95 (0.59) | 33.73 (0.54) | 32.71 (0.62) | 30.40 (0.57) | <0.001 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 33.81 (0.59) | 32.68 (0.54) | 32.72 (0.62) | 30.58 (0.57) | <0.001 |
| sICAM-1 (ng/ml) | ≤247 | 247-292 | 292-349 | >349 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 32.70 (0.65) | 32.28 (0.61) | 33.18 (0.62) | 32.67 (0.61) | 0.844 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 32.64 (0.64) | 32.40 (0.60) | 32.94 (0.62) | 32.84 (0.61) | 0.720 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/ml) | ≤1.78 | 1.78-2.60 | 2.60-4.54 | >4.54 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 33.74 (0.60) | 31.87 (0.62) | 33.38 (0.60) | 31.68 (0.61) | 0.085 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 33.66 (0.60) | 31.92 (0.61) | 33.22 (0.60) | 31.88 (0.61) | 0.143 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/l) | <0.843 | 0.843-10.76 | 10.76-13.51 | >13.51 | |
| Without adjustment for physical activity | 33.16 (0.57) | 33.26 (0.63) | 33.72 (0.59) | 30.59 (0.61) | 0.015 |
| With adjustment for physical activity | 33.14 (0.57) | 33.21 (0.62) | 33.66 (0.58) | 30.73 (0.60) | 0.021 |
Data shown are means and standard errors. Data are adjusted for age, gender, race, cigarette smoking, body mass index, leg symptoms, recruitment cohort (original WALCS vs. newly Identified), ankle-brachial Index, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and comorbidities. Data shown are only for participants with Caltrac (Muscle Dynamics Rtness Network, Inc., Rocklin, California) physical activity data.
CRP = C reactive protein: sICAM-1 = soluble intracellular adhesion molecule; sVCAM-1 = soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule; WALCS = Walking and Leg Circulation Study.