Effect of 17β-oestradiol treatment on paraventricular nucleus mRNA expression 3 h after acute or repeated restraint stress. □, vehicle; , 40 μg/ml 17β-oestradiol; ■, 120 μg/ml 17β-oestradiol. (a) basal corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA levels were significantly lower in rats receiving 120 μg/ml 17β-oestradiol implants. (b) After repeated restraint, there was an increase in parvocellular cells expressing vasopressin mRNA. Animals with 120 μg/ml 17β-oestradiol implants had significantly higher counts of vasopressin expressing parvocellular cells compared to vehicle. (*P < 0.05 and +P < 0.001, Bonferroni).