MOPR |
immunohistochemistry + confocal microscopy |
guinea pig |
myenteric plexus |
acute etorphine or morphine |
internalized by etorphine, but not by morphine |
(Sternini et al. 1996) |
rat |
dorsal horn of spinal cord |
DAMGO, remifentanil, endomorphin-1 or morphine; noxious stimuli |
internalized by DAMGO, remifentanil, endomorphin-1, but not by morphine or noxious stimuli |
(Trafton et al. 2000) |
morphine tolerant rat |
dorsal horn of spinal cord |
DAMGO |
DAMGO caused similar magnitudes of internalization in control and tolerant rats |
(Trafton and Basbaum 2004) |
rat |
dorsal horn of spinal cord |
DAMGO (low dose that did not promote internalization) + Morphine |
Promoted internalization |
(He et al. 2002) |
rat |
Lateral septum |
acute morphine |
MOPR1C internalized |
(Abbadie And Pasternak 2001) |
OVX rat |
medial preoptic nucleus; posterodorsal medial amygdale |
estrogen |
internalization |
(Eckersell et al. 1998) |
Immunogold-labeling + electronmicroscopy |
rat |
locus coeruleus |
acute etorphine or morphine |
internalized by etorphine, but not by morphine |
(Van Bockstaele And Commons 2001) |
nucleus accumbens |
acute morphine |
internalized in dendrites, but not in cell bodies |
(Haberstock-Debic et al. 2003) |
rostral ventrolateral medulla |
acute morphine |
internalized only in the dendrites with diameter <1.4 µm |
(Drake et al. 2005) |
DOPR |
Confocal microscopy |
knock-in mouse |
striatum |
SNC80 |
internalization correlated with tolerance |
(Scherrer et al. 2006) |
immunogold-labeling + electron microscopy |
rat |
dorsal horn of spinal cord |
Chronic inflammatory pain |
up-regulation and translocation to surface |
(Cahill et al. 2003) |
Chronic morphine treatment |
translocation to surface |
(Cahill et al.2001b) |
KOPR |
immunogold-labeling + electron microscopy |
rat |
dorsal horn of spinal cord |
U50,488H or dynorphin A |
internalized by dynorphin A |
(Wang et al. submitted) |
hypothalamus |
salt loading |
inserted into cell surface |
(Shuster et al. 1999) |