TABLE 1.

Signaling pathways activated by volume changes and their proposed functions

The triggering stimulus, cell swelling (Swe) and/or shrinkage (Shr), is indicated. “(Swe)” denotes that swelling, although reported to activate the pathway, is not the predominant stimulus. “ORE” denotes the activation of the osmotic response element, whereas “Cytoskeleton” indicates actin skeleton remodeling. PIP5K, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase; PLA₂, phospholipase A₂; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; SGK, serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase; MLCK, myosin light chain kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; PKA, protein kinase A; PAK, p21-activated kinase.