Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample and mean energy and nutrient intakes at baseline
| Variable | Immediate Group (n=55) % | Delayed Group (n=48) % | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 60.0 | 52.1 | 0.42 |
| White | 92.7 | 93.8 | 0.87 |
| Married | 72.7 | 70.8 | 0.99 |
| College degree | 69.1 | 43.8 | 0.41 |
| Employed full-time | 60.0 | 63.8 | 0.56 |
| Previous diabetes education | 71.2 | 74.0 | 0.51 |
| Self-monitoring of blood glucose | 83.1 | 75.5 | 0.26 |
| Mean (±SD)a days/week | 1.8 (±1.2) | 1.7 (±1.3) | 0.72 |
| Mean (±SD)a times/day | 1.0 (±0.2) | 1.1 (±0.4) | 0.35 |
| Mean (±SD) | Mean (±SD) | P-value | |
| Age (years) | 58.6 (±7.7) | 59.8 (±7.3) | 0.41 |
| Years diagnosed with diabetes | 4.7 (±4.8) | 4.7 (±3.9) | 0.99 |
| Body mass index (kg/M2) | 33.4 (±6.9) | 34.0 (±6.0) | 0.63 |
| Energy (kcal) | 1780.1 (±537.9) | 1837.0 (±531.5) | 0.59 |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 44.6 (±9.0) | 45.6 (±10.4) | 0.59 |
| Protein (% of energy) | 18.6 (±3.2) | 18.3 (±3.8) | 0.67 |
| Total fat (% of energy) | 38.4 (±7.3) | 36.2 (±8.3) | 0.17 |
| Saturated fat (% of energy) | 12.3 (±3.2) | 12.3 (±3.0) | 0.98 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (% of energy) | 8.6 (±2.5) | 7.6 (±3.2) | 0.09 |
| Monounsaturated fat (% of energy) | 14.5 (±3.2) | 13.5 (±3.4) | 0.14 |
| Cholesterol (mg/1000 kcal) | 187.5 (±91.0) | 166.3 (±84.1) | 0.23 |
| Total fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 11.0 (±3.2) | 10.4 (±3.2) | 0.34 |
| Insoluble fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 8.0 (±2.6) | 7.5 (±2.7) | 0.39 |
| Soluble fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 2.9 (±0.8) | 2.7 (±0.8) | 0.35 |
| Total sugars (g/1000 kcal | 42.5 (±3.2) | 45.3 (±13.6) | 0.32 |
| Added sugars (g/1000 kcal) | 22.5 (±13.8) | 24.2 (±10.6) | 0.50 |
| Carbohydrate (total grams) | 196.0 (±67.1) | 209.0 (±65.0) | 0.32 |
| Glycemic indexb | 56.4 (±6.1) | 54.9 (±5.7) | 0.19 |
| Glycemic loadc | 108.5 (±39.9) | 113.4 (±37.3) | 0.52 |
a
Mean ± standard deviation (SD) values
b
Glycemic index (GI) = (grams of carbohydrate from food item/total daily grams of carbohydrate) X GI of the food item; summed for all foods to get daily GI; averaged over 3 days of intake. GI values are based on glucose as the reference with glucose = 100.
c
Glycemic load (GL) = (GI value of the food X grams of carbohydrate from the food)/100; summed for all foods to get daily glycemic load; averaged over 3 days of intake.