Table 3 Cumulative exposure to economic hardships in relation to various health outcomes; risk rate ratios (95% CI).
| Instances of cumulative exposure to economic hardships | Women | Men | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor SRH T3 | Psychological distress T3 | Musculoskeletal disorders T3 | Poor SRH T3 | Psychological distress T3 | Musculoskeletal disorders T3 | |
| Financial stress T1 and T2*† | ||||||
| 0 (none) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (once) | 1.22 (1.04 to 1.42) | 1.23 (0.96 to 1.57) | 1.38 (1.23 to 1.56) | 1.18 (0.93 to 1.51) | 1.26 (0.84 to 1.90) | 1.20 (1.00 to 1.44) |
| 2 (twice) | 1.36 (1.11 to 1.68) | 1.57 (1.15 to 2.15) | 1.57 (1.36 to 1.81) | 1.74 (1.32 to 2.31) | 1.66 (0.95 to 2.88) | 0.97 (0.69 to 1.37) |
| p Value for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0009 | <0.0001 |
| Low income T1 and T2*‡ | ||||||
| 0 (none) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (once) | 1.27 (1.06 to 1.52) | 1.20 (0.94 to 1.52) | 1.109 (0.97 to 1.24) | 1.05 (0.83 to 1.32) | 1.06 (0.71 to 1.58) | 0.82 (0.66–1.01) |
| 2 (twice) | 1.23 (1.01 to 1.50) | 1.21 (0.92 to 1.60) | 1.11 (0.96 to 1.29) | 1.21 (0.93 to 1.60) | 2.00 (1.22 to 3.27) | 1.03 (0.77–1.36) |
| p Value for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | <0.0001 |
SRH, self‐rated health.
†Inability to pay ordinary bills or lack of cash reserves.
‡Income below 60% of the median income.
*Adjusted for age, long‐term illness, living alone with or without children, foreign born, living in a metropolitan area, low educational level and low occupational status.