Table 1.
The means, standard deviations, and t tests for differences between groups among each variable included in the path model
| Variable | Men (n = 225) Mean (SD) | Females (n = 216) Mean (SD) |
t test value |
|
| t | P | |||
| Mother authoritarian | 29.62 (6.41) | 29.17 (7.93) | −0.65 | NS |
| Mother permissive | 26.51 (5.66) | 25.59 (6.26) | 1.61 | NS |
| Mother authoritative | 35.54 (5.82) | 36.48 (6.29) | 1.62 | NS |
| Father authoritarian | 32.12 (7.43) | 31.18 (9.38) | 1.16 | NS |
| Father permissive | 26.85 (6.43) | 25.30 (6.67) | 2.48 | p < .05 |
| Father authoritative | 34.35 (6.50) | 34.60 (8.06) | 0.36 | NS |
| Mother overprotection | 1.19 (0.56) | 1.14 (0.70) | 0.82 | NS |
| Mother autonomy | 2.13 (0.56) | 2.04 (0.60) | 1.62 | NS |
| Father overprotection | 0.71 (0.56) | 0.88 (0.64) | −2.96 | p < .01 |
| Father autonomy | 2.14 (0.68) | 1.96 (0.70) | 2.73 | p < .01 |
| Self-esteem | 3.30 (0.67) | 3.27 (0.62) | 0.49 | NS |
| DASS (depression) | 5.53 (5.95) | 6.69 (7.51) | 1.79 | NS |
| CES-D (depression) | 34.06 (8.62) | 34.77 (9.71) | 0.81 | NS |
| Zung (depression) | −0.43 (0.08) | −0.39 (0.89) | 0.66 | NS |
| Alcohol use (quant./freq.) | 2.08 (0.64) | 1.86 (0.68) | 3.50 | p < .001 |
| Alcohol-related problems | 0.71 (0.51) | 0.72 (0.57) | 0.19 | NS |
Notes: DASS = Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; ns = not significant; quant. = quantity; freq. = frequency.