Table 1.

Means and Standard Deviations (in Parentheses) of Variables in Regression Analysis

Measures	Variable Descriptions	Full- Service Hospitals (n=975)	Orthopedic/ Surgical Hospitals (n=33)	Cardiac Hospitals (n=10)
Costs (dependent variable)	Total hospital costs (000; dollars)	121,742	14,861	49,770
		(141,644)	(7,389)	(11,240)
Outputs	Number of discharges	10,915	904.6	4,096
		(10,640)	(671.2)	(1,032)
	Number of outpatient visits	137,177	6,636	11,171
		(156,240)	(4,817)	(3,834)
	Average length of stay (days)	4.22	2.26	3.20
		(0.96)	(0.83)	(0.71)
Input price	Index of local area wage rates	0.968	1.066	0.968
		(0.132)	(0.191)	(0.037)
Case mix	Severity-adjusted all-payer-refined case-mix index	0.885	1.088	2.080
		(0.296)	(0.363)	(0.225)
	Outpatient surgeries (as % of outpatient visits)	4.65	62.7	12.4
		—	—	—
Patient safety indicators	Infections due to medical care (events per thousand patients at risk)	1.65	0.036	1.33
		—	—	—
	Postoperative hemorrhage or hematoma (events per thousand patients at risk)	1.81	1.30	6.04
		—	—	—
	Accidental puncture or laceration (events per thousand patients at risk)	3.62	6.04	6.84
		—	—	—
Competition	Herfindahl–Hirschman index within HSA market area	0.614	0.685	0.278
		(0.352)	(0.350)	(0.106)
Ownership	% nonprofit	56.3	0	20.0
	% for-profit	27.3	100	80.0
	% public	16.4	0	0
System	% members of multihospital system	73.3	45.5	90.0
		—	—	—
Teaching	Ratio of full-time residents to beds	0.066	0.000	0.006
		(0.297)	(0.000)	(0.020)
Hospital size	Number of beds	203.4	22.5	55.6
		(180.7)	(13.9)	(5.36)

HSA, health service area.