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VEGFR-1 and 2 positive precursor cells are released from the bone marrow. HSC are retained in the endosteal niche by a combination of cell–cell (Tie-2/angio-1), cell-matrix (α4β1/osteopontin) and receptor–ligand (CXCR-4/SDF-1) interactions. The mobilization of these cells toward the vascular niche and their release in the peripheral blood is in part controlled by MMP-9 which (1) degrades SDF-1, (2) degrades osteopontin, (3) solubilizes cKit-L and (4) degrades the basement membrane
