Table 1.

Summary of metastasis suppressors and proposed mechanisms of action

Suppressor	Function(s)	Types of tumor cell–microenvironment interactions affected
BRMS1	Chromatin remodeling; transcription regulation; reduces phosphoinositide signaling; restores gap junctional intercellular communication	Survival in transport, colonization
Cadherins E-Cadherin N-Cadherin Cadherin-11	Cell–cell or cell–matrix adhesion; homotypic cohesion	EMT, invasion
Caspase-8	Induce apoptosis/anoikis	Survival in transport
CD44	Cell–cell or cell–matrix adhesion; bind hyaluronic acid and osteopontin	Migration
DCC	Cytoplasmic architecture; MAPK signaling	Motility, invasion
DLC1	Signaling via Rho-GTPase; cytoskeletal architecture	Migration, invasion
Drg1	Unknown
Gelsolin	Actin regulatory molecule; cytoskeletal architecture	Migration
KAI1	Bind DARC; integrin interaction; EGFR desensitization	Intravasation, survival in transport
KISS1 (kisspeptins)	Ligand for G-protein coupled receptor	Colonization
MKK4 MKK7 p38	Stress-activated MAPK signaling	Migration, colonization
Nm23	Inhibition of ras signaling; histidine kinase regulation; NDP kinase	Migration, colonization
OGR1	G-protein coupled receptor signaling	Migration, colonization
RhoGDI2	Cytoskeletal architecture; endothelin and neuromedin U signaling	Migration, colonization
RKIP	Raf-MEK signaling; cytoskeletal organization	Migration, invasion
RRM1	PI3K signaling from focal adhesions; cytoskeletal architecture; adhesion	Motility, invasion
SSeCKs	Scaffold for protein kinases; Src signaling, PKC signaling, Rho signaling; VEGF secretion	Angiogenesis, migration
TIMPs	Inhibition of metalloproteinases; signaling	Angiogenesis, migration, invasion, survival in transport, colonization

Not all of the metastasis suppressors listed in this table are discussed in detail. Readers are referred to reviews on metastasis suppressors mentioned in the text for additional details