Table 1.

Examples of clinical trials using TLR agonists in cancer patients

Agent agonist	Cancer	Details	Results	Ref.
Imiquimod (TLR7 agonist)	Basal and squamous cell carcinoma	Topical application of 5% cream five times weekly for 6 weeks	Residual tumor in 7.5% of patients	Tillman and Carroll [26]
TLR 3 agonist	Melanoma	Combined with IFN type I or with protein synthesis inhibition	Inhibition of cell proliferation induction of cell death	Salaun et al. [30]
PF3512676 (TLR9 agonist)	Metastatic melanoma	6 mg S.C./24 weeks	Stimulation of innate response	Pashenkov et al. [33]
Imidazoquinoline 528690 (TLR7)	Chronic lymphocytic B leukemia	TLR7 tolerization by agonist	Increased sensitivity of tumor cells to cytotoxic chemotherapeutics	Spaner and Masellis [31]
TLR2/6 MALP-2 (synthetic)	Pancreatic carcinoma	Intratumoral together with gemcitabine	Prolongation of life for 8 months in average	Schmidt et al. [32]