Table 2.
Health parameters by gender
| Variable | All (n = 677) | Male (n = 293) | Female (n = 384) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 41.4 ± 0.4 | 41.4 ± 0.6 | 41.4 ± 0.6 | 0.990 |
| Weight (kg) | 60.4 ± 0.5 | 68.5 ± 0.6 | 54.3 ± 0.5 | <0.001** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 0.1 | 23.6 ± 0.2 | 21.9 ± 0.2 | <0.001** |
| TC (mg/d1) | 203.0 ± 1.4 | 205.1 ± 2.0 | 201.3 ± 1.9 | 0.163 |
| HDL-c (mg/dl) | 63.4 ± 0.6 | 56.0 ± 0.7 | 69.0 ± 0.7 | <0.001** |
| LDL-c (mg/dl) | 124.2 ± 1.3 | 129.9 ± 1.9 | 119.9 ± 1.7 | <0.001** |
| TG (mg/dl) | 80.7 ± 0.01 | 100.3 ± 0.01 | 68.4 ± 0.01 | <0.001** |
| High-sensitivity CRP (mg/dl) | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | <0.001** |
| Life style | ||||
| Cigarette number a day | 6.36 ± 0.39 | 12.0 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | <0.001** |
| Smoking period (year) | 6.73 ± 0.42 | 12.2 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | <0.001** |
| Smoking (No./day×year) | 130.2 ± 9.4 | 255.1 ± 17.9 | 35.0 ± 5.8 | <0.001** |
| Alcohol drinking (units/week) | 3.74 ± 0.23 | 6.18 ± 0.43 | 1.88 ± 0.19 | <0.001** |
| Dietary antioxidant vitamins | ||||
| Tocopherol (mg/day) | 6.98 ± 0.09 | 6.99 ± 0.15 | 6.97 ± 0.11 | 0.937 |
| β-Carotene (µg/day) | 2793.6 ± 65.4 | 2711.4 ± 98.8 | 2856.3 ± 87.2 | 0.273 |
| Retinol (µg/day) | 421.79 ± 0.01 | 391.56 ± 0.01 | 446.48 ± 0.01 | 0.001** |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 58.14 ± 0.01 | 51.72 ± 0.02 | 63.58 ± 0.01 | <0.001** |
Each value represents the mean ± SE. (log-transformed data in TG, Hs-CRP, retinol and vitamin C)
**p<0.01 (by Unpaired t test)
BMI indicates body mass index;TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein.
Individuals identified as under-reporting their dietary antioxidant vitamins intake were excluded from a food frequency questionnaire.