Table 4.

Mass balance and costs assumptions for softwood reference conversion processes

Feedstock/co-product cost			Mass balance
			Enzymatic process					Dilute acid process
	Units	Cost/value (2005US$ unit-1)	Input (unit odt-1)	Output (unit odt-1)				Input (unit odt-1)	Output (unit odt-1)
				Ethanol	CO2	Solid fuel	Waste (solid + liquid)		Ethanol	CO2	Solid fuel	Waste (solid + liquid)
Biomass	kg		620
Hexose				219	245		156	620	173	190		257
Pentose			60				60	60				60
Lignin			280			252	28	280			273	7
Other			40				40	40				40
Chemicals
SO2	kg	0.20	15.48				15.48	0.00
H2SO4		0.07	0.00					63.20				63.20
NaOH (50%)		0.20	28.96				28.96	28.96				28.96
NH3 (25%)		0.27	2.36				2.36	1.68				1.68
H3PO4 (50%)		0.67	0.52				0.52	0.36				0.36
Defoamer		2.68	0.56				0.56	0.44				0.44
(NH4)2PO4		0.20	2.76				2.76	2.60				2.60
MgSO4.7 H2O		0.59	0.12				0.12	0.12				0.12
Enzymes	10^6 Filter paper unit	2.54	9.36				9.36	0.00
Electricity-buy	MWh	40.13	0.18					0.18
Cooling water	m3	0.02	72.48					65.44
Process water	m3	0.19	3.36				3.36	3.20				3.20
Employees
	Person	80,269
Co-products
Solid fuel	kg	0.11
CO2		0
Waste		0