Table 1.
Sample (N = 934) Characteristics According to the Study Outcome (Mortality)
| Survived (N = 671) | Deceased (N = 263) | p | |
| Age | 72.3 ± 5.5 | 80.0 ± 7.3 | <.001 |
| Gender (women) | 57.5 | 48.3 | .01 |
| Site (Bagno a Ripoli) | 54.5 | 46.4 | .03 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | 59.3 | 55.1 | .38 |
| Former | 27.1 | 28.1 | |
| Current | 13.6 | 16.7 | |
| Education (y) | 5.8 ± 3.3 | 4.6 ± 2.9 | <.001 |
| MMSE score | 25.9 ± 2.8 | 22.7 ± 5.3 | <.001 |
| CES-D score | 12.3 ± 8.8 | 14.1 ± 8.6 | .005 |
| Physical activity* | 42.3 | 23.0 | <.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.7 ± 4.0 | 27.0 ± 4.1 | .02 |
| <25 | 25.9 | 35.9 | .02 |
| 25–29.9 | 48.6 | 41.4 | |
| ≥30 | 25.6 | 22.7 | |
| Height (cm) | 159.1 | 156.3 | <.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 70.1 | 66.1 | <.001 |
| Cancer | 5.8 | 8.7 | .11 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.8 | 12.2 | <.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 6.7 | 10.6 | .04 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10.0 | 13.7 | .10 |
| Hypertension | 34.1 | 41.1 | .05 |
| Osteoarthritis | 9.2 | 16.0 | .003 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 3.3 | 14.4 | <.001 |
| Respiratory disease | 5.5 | 14.4 | <.001 |
| Stroke | 2.8 | 9.9 | <.001 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 1.31 (0.78–1.99) | 1.89 (1.11–3.34) | <.001 |
| C-reactive protein (μg/mL) | 2.39 (1.25–4.99) | 3.41 (1.60–6.59) | <.001 |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α (pg/mL) | 1.90 (1.48–3.12) | 2.32 (1.69–3.65) | <.001 |
| Muscle density (mg/cm3) | 71.20 ± 3.44 | 69.64 ± 3.67 | <.001 |
| Muscle area (cm2) | 64.0 ± 12.2 | 58.0 ± 12.6 | <.001 |
| Fat area (cm2) | 17.4 (10.8–26.5) | 14.0 (8.4–21.2) | <.001 |
| Walking speed (m/s) | 1.20 ± 0.24 | 0.91 ± 0.35 | <.001 |
Notes: MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale. Values expressed as percentage, mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range).
*
Percent of participants reporting moderate- to high-intensity exercise performed for at least 1–2 h/wk or light-intensity exercise performed for more than 4 h/wk.