Table 1.
Sample Characteristics at Baseline (N = 13,129)
| % or Mean (SD) | |
| Age (y) | 78.86 (7.52) |
| Race | |
| Black | 18.29 |
| White | 81.71 |
| Gender | |
| Male | 26.29 |
| Female | 73.71 |
| Education | |
| Less than high school | 53.90 |
| High school | 29.22 |
| More than high school | 16.88 |
| Marital status | |
| Married | 29.61 |
| Widowed | 55.66 |
| Separated/divorced | 11.29 |
| Never married | 3.44 |
| Living arrangements | |
| Alone | 44.78 |
| With spouse | 28.04 |
| With others | 27.18 |
| Program type | |
| Waiver | 52.44 |
| Care management | 47.55 |
| No. of chronic conditions | 5.23 (2.39) |
| ADL scale score | 7.34 (6.83) |
| ADL dependence status | |
| Need physical help in 1+ ADLs | 72.65 |
| Independent or need supervision only in all ADLs | 27.35 |
| IADL scale score | 9.86 (2.96) |
| IADL dependence status | |
| Have difficulty in all IADLs | 34.96 |
| Independent in 1+ IADLs | 65.04 |
| Depression status | |
| No depression | 47.06 |
| Subthreshold depression | 29.92 |
| Probable depression | 23.02 |
| Cognitive status | |
| Intact | 43.47 |
| Borderline intact | 22.96 |
| Impaired | 33.57 |
Note: ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living.