Table 3.
Logistic Regression Results for Whether Used Formal Home Care Within the Calendar Year (N = 48,135)a
| Variable | Block 1 |
Block 2 |
Block 3 |
Block 4 |
| Residence variables odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) | Residence + predisposing variables OR (95% CI) | Residence + predisposing + enabling variables OR (95% CI) | Residence + predisposing + enabling + illness variables (full model) OR (95% CI) | |
| Nonmetro categories | ||||
| Micro | 1.82** (1.24, 2.68) | 1.03 (0.75, 1.43) | 0.96 (0.70, 1.30) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.21) |
| Adjacent to metro | 1.25 (0.76, 2.07) | 0.74 (0.46, 1.18) | 0.64 (0.37, 1.09) | 0.62 (0.34, 1.13) |
| Adjacent to micro | 2.00 (0.95, 4.20) | 0.96 (0.50, 1.83) | 0.99 (0.48, 2.03) | 0.93 (0.42, 2.07) |
| Not adjacent/own town | 2.10 (0.76, 5.79) | 1.36 (0.45, 4.07) | 1.17 (0.43, 3.20) | 0.68 (0.16, 2.94) |
| Remote | 2.98*** (1.81, 4.90) | 1.62 (0.89, 2.97) | 0.98 (0.36, 2.67) | 1.05 (0.31, 3.60) |
| Predisposing variables | ||||
| Married with spouse | 0.70** (0.55, 0.89) | 0.70** (0.56, 0.88) | 0.75* (0.59, 0.96) | |
| Men | 0.88 (0.70, 1.11) | 0.86 (0.69, 1.07) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.35) | |
| Age 18–39 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Age 40–64 | 2.89*** (1.89, 4.41) | 2.91*** (1.96, 4.34) | 2.01** (1.29, 3.15) | |
| Age 65–74 | 24.23*** (15.33, 38.28) | 22.58*** (15.00, 33.99) | 9.26*** (5.75, 14.91) | |
| Age 75+ | 49.58*** (32.05, 76.69) | 47.26*** (31.67, 70.53) | 11.87*** (7.35, 19.18) | |
| White non-Hispanic | 1.65* (1.00, 2.72) | 1.65 (1.00, 2.74) | 1.54 (0.91, 2.60) | |
| Black non-Hispanic | 1.78 (1.00, 3.16) | 1.65 (0.92, 2.97) | 1.29 (0.72, 2.33) | |
| Hispanic | 0.96 (0.52, 1.79) | 0.88 (0.47, 1.63) | 1.03 (0.55, 1.93) | |
| Other ethnicity | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Education 0–8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Education 9–11 | 0.84 (0.62, 1.14) | 0.81 (0.60, 1.10) | 0.98 (0.72, 1.35) | |
| High school | 0.78 (0.56, 1.10) | 0.78 (0.57, 1.08) | 1.16 (0.83, 1.64) | |
| Some college | 0.94 (0.68, 1.80) | 0.94 (0.68, 1.29) | 1.41 (1.00, 1.98) | |
| Medicaid | 4.60*** (3.46, 6.11) | 4.69*** (3.58, 6.13) | 2.93*** (2.20, 3.89) | |
| Young with Medicare | 10.25*** (6.50, 16.16) | 9.46*** (6.27, 14.25) | 2.68*** (1.84, 3.91) | |
| Private insurance | 1.10 (0.87, 1.40) | 1.12 (0.89, 1.43) | 1.31* (1.03, 1.67) | |
| Below poverty | 1.07 (0.80, 1.42) | 1.09 (0.84, 1.42) | 1.10 (0.83, 1.45) | |
| Professional | 0.88 (0.58, 1.33) | 0.86 (0.57, 1.31) | 1.29 (0.85, 1.97) | |
| Seat belt | 0.81 (0.64, 1.02) | 0.81 (0.64, 1.01) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.10) | |
| Smoking | 0.92 (0.68, 1.26) | 0.90 (0.67, 1.22) | 0.96 (0.70, 1.28) | |
| Enabling variables | ||||
| Median household income | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | ||
| Percent below poverty | 0.98 (0.94, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | ||
| RNs | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | ||
| LPNs/VNs | 0.79* (0.65, 0.97) | 0.79* (0.65, 0.97) | ||
| Aides | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.08) | ||
| Number of physicians or doctors of osteopathy | 0.99 (0.93, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | ||
| Hospital beds | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | ||
| ER/trauma | 1.86* (1.15, 3.00) | 1.71* (1.03, 2.85) | ||
| Skilled NH beds | 1.04 (0.65, 1.66) | 0.98 (0.62, 1.56) | ||
| General NH beds | 0.99* (0.98, 0.99) | 0.99* (0.98, 1.00) | ||
| Home health agencies | 1.83** (1.21, 2.77) | 1.70* (1.07, 2.73) | ||
| Usual source | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 1.02 (0.82, 1.26) | ||
| Illness variables | ||||
| ADL deficit | 38.36*** (27.71, 53.10) | |||
| IADL deficit | 10.67*** (7.70, 15.17) | |||
| Functional limitation | 3.16*** (2.27, 4.40) | |||
| Arthritis | 1.32* (1.07, 1.64) | |||
| Asthma | 1.28 (0.92, 1.79) | |||
| Diabetes | 1.66*** (1.30, 2.12) | |||
| Emphysema | 1.03 (0.66, 1.60) | |||
| Heart disease | 1.46** (1.16, 1.84) | |||
| High blood pressure | 1.02 (0.79, 1.31) | |||
| Stroke | 1.23 (0.88, 1.71) | |||
| Perceived health | 0.71** (0.55, 0.91) | |||
| Model F and significance | (5, 232) 4.34*** | (23, 214) 32.08*** | (35, 206) 26.94*** | (46, 191) 41.97*** |
| F and significance of added block | NA | (18, 236) 41.18*** | (12, 236) 2.97*** | (11, 236) 79.10*** |
| Significant Wald post-estimation tests | d*, g** | g* | — | — |
| Block 1 F and significance after adding other variables in each model | NA | (5, 236) 0.93, p = .46 | (5, 236) 0.65, p = .66 | (5, 236) 0.61, p = .69 |
Notes: aAdjusted for the MEPS complex sample design. Population weights are applied to produce national estimates for noninstitutionalized persons age 18 and older. Significance levels: * = .05, ** = .01, *** = .001. No interaction terms were statistically significant. Model-adjusted Wald postestimation tests of differences: a = micro versus adjacent to metro, b = micro versus adjacent to micro, c = micro versus not adjacent to own town, d = micro versus remote, e = adjacent to metro versus adjacent to micro, f = adjacent to metro versus not adjacent to own town, g = adjacent to metro versus remote, h = adjacent to micro versus not adjacent to own town, i = adjacent to micro versus remote, and j = not adjacent to own town versus remote.