Table 4.
Negative Binomial Regression Results for Number of Home Care Provider Days Received by Persons Who Used Formal Home Care (N = 1,033, IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio)a
| Variable | Block 1 |
Block 2 |
Block 3 |
Block 4 |
| Residence variables IRR (95% confidence interval [CI]) | Residence + predisposing variables IRR (95% CI) | Residence + predisposing + enabling variables IRR (95% CI) | Residence + predisposing + enabling + illness variables (full model) IRR (95% CI) | |
| Nonmetro categories | ||||
| Micro | 1.09 (0.79, 1.50) | 0.96 (0.70, 1.32) | 1.09 (0.77, 1.54) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.38) |
| Adjacent to metro | 0.63 (0.37, 1.06) | 0.72 (0.41, 1.24) | 0.75 (0.41, 1.37) | 0.83 (0.44, 1.56) |
| Adjacent to micro | 1.45 (0.94, 2.25) | 1.40 (0.87, 2.25) | 1.46 (0.72, 2.97) | 1.31 (0.67, 2.54) |
| Not adjacent to own town | 0.83 (0.39, 1.75) | 1.29 (0.69, 2.44) | 1.46 (0.69, 3.10) | 1.05 (0.50, 2.22) |
| Remote | 0.48, (0.20, 1.18) | 0.79 (0.38, 1.65) | 0.69 (0.24, 1.94) | 0.39** (0.20, 0.78) |
| Predisposing variables | ||||
| Married with spouse | 0.66** (0.50, 0.87) | 0.66** (0.51, 0.85) | 0.71** (0.57, 0.88) | |
| Men | 0.91 (0.72, 1.16) | 0.86 (0.68, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.77, 1.16) | |
| Age 18–39 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Age 40–64 | 0.69 (0.39, 1.22) | 0.69 (0.40, 1.20) | 0.89 (0.58, 1.35) | |
| Age 65–74 | 1.21 (0.61, 2.38) | 1.22 (0.63, 2.38) | 1.55 (0.93, 2.58) | |
| Age 75+ | 1.48 (0.78, 2.83) | 1.56 (0.83, 2.92) | 1.66* (1.05, 2.61) | |
| White non-Hispanic | 0.59 (0.33, 1.06) | 0.66 (0.38, 1.17) | 0.67 (0.41, 1.11) | |
| Black non-Hispanic | 0.78 (0.43, 1.42) | 0.86 (0.48, 1.53) | 0.84 (0.50, 1.42) | |
| Hispanic | 0.99 (0.54, 1.82) | 0.90 (0.49, 1.68) | 1.10 (0.64, 1.89) | |
| Other ethnicity | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Education 0–8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Education 9–11 | 0.85 (0.65, 1.11) | 0.87 (0.67, 1.14) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) | |
| High school | 0.91 (0.65, 1.29) | 0.93 (0.68, 1.27) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.10) | |
| Some college | 0.90 (0.65, 1.23) | 0.91 (0.68, 1.20) | 0.86 (0.64, 1.16) | |
| Medicaid | 1.99*** (1.47, 2.69) | 1.92*** (1.43, 2.57) | 1.66*** (1.26, 2.19) | |
| Young with Medicare | 1.72* (1.01, 2.93) | 1.80* (1.14, 2.85) | 1.32 (0.91, 1.93) | |
| Private insurance | 0.96 (0.70, 1.31) | 0.94 (0.69, 1.29) | 1.08 (0.83, 1.41) | |
| Below poverty | 0.84 (0.68, 1.05) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.04) | |
| Professional | 0.46* (0.25, 0.84) | 0.45* (0.24, 0.82) | 0.65 (0.39, 1.09) | |
| Seat belt | 1.03 (0.81, 1.31) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.86, 1.34) | |
| Smoking | 1.12 (0.79, 1.60) | 1.15 (0.83, 1.60) | 1.17 (0.90, 1.52) | |
| Enabling variables | ||||
| Median household income | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | ||
| Percent below poverty | 1.07** (1.02. 1.12) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | ||
| RNs | 1.06 (0.99, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | ||
| LPNs/VNs | 0.88 (0.69, 1.11) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.03) | ||
| Aides | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | ||
| Number of physicians or doctors of osteopathy | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 0.96* (0.92, 0.99) | ||
| Hospital beds | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.98* (0.97, 0.99) | ||
| ER/trauma | 1.22 (0.72, 2.08) | 1.18 (0.73, 1.90) | ||
| Skilled NH beds | 1.23 (0.78, 1.95) | 1.39 (0.91, 2.14) | ||
| General NH beds | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | ||
| Home health agencies | 0.72 (0.46, 1.10) | 0.73 (0.48, 1.12) | ||
| Usual source | 1.05 (0.82, 1.34) | 1.06 (0.87, 1.29) | ||
| Illness variables | ||||
| ADL deficit | 5.02*** (3.73, 6.76) | |||
| IADL deficit | 3.33*** (2.44, 4.54) | |||
| Functional limitation | 1.20 (0.91, 1.60) | |||
| Arthritis | 0.86 (0.67, 1.10) | |||
| Asthma | 1.21 (0.90, 1.65) | |||
| Diabetes | 1.12 (0.88, 1.43) | |||
| Emphysema | 0.90 (0.63, 1.28) | |||
| Heart disease | 0.89 (0.74, 1.08) | |||
| High blood pressure | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | |||
| Stroke | 1.01 (0.80, 1.28) | |||
| Perceived health | 0.83 (0.63, 1.10) | |||
| Alpha | 1.83 | 1.55 | 1.20 | 1.20 |
| Model F and significance | (5, 224) 1.85 | (23, 206) 7.29*** | (35, 194) 8.63*** | (46, 183) 16.37*** |
| F and significance of added block | NA | (16, 228) 7.42*** | (12, 228) 1.84* | (11, 228) 20.41*** |
| Significant Wald Solid tests | e*, i* | — | — | d**, i***, j* |
| Block 1 F and significance after adding other variables in each model | NA | (5, 228) 0.84, p = .52 | (5, 228) 0.99, p = .42 | (5, 228) 2.08, p = .07 |
Notes: aAdjusted for the MEPS complex sample design. Population weights are applied to produce national estimates. Estimates are for persons age 18 and older. Significance, * = .05, ** = .01, *** = .001. Model adjusted Wald Solid tests of differences: a = micro versus adjacent to metro, b = micro versus adjacent to micro, c = micro versus not adjacent to own town, d = micro versus remote, e = adjacent to metro versus adjacent to micro, f = adjacent to metro versus not adjacent to own town, g = adjacent to metro versus remote, h = adjacent to micro versus not adjacent to own town, i = adjacent to micro versus remote, and j = not adjacent to own town versus remote.