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. 2009 Feb 4;64B(2):258–268. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbn003

Table 4.

Negative Binomial Regression Results for Number of Home Care Provider Days Received by Persons Who Used Formal Home Care (N = 1,033, IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio)a

Variable Block 1
Block 2
Block 3
Block 4
Residence variables IRR (95% confidence interval [CI]) Residence + predisposing variables IRR (95% CI) Residence + predisposing + enabling variables IRR (95% CI) Residence + predisposing + enabling + illness variables (full model) IRR (95% CI)
Nonmetro categories
    Micro 1.09 (0.79, 1.50) 0.96 (0.70, 1.32) 1.09 (0.77, 1.54) 0.99 (0.72, 1.38)
    Adjacent to metro 0.63 (0.37, 1.06) 0.72 (0.41, 1.24) 0.75 (0.41, 1.37) 0.83 (0.44, 1.56)
    Adjacent to micro 1.45 (0.94, 2.25) 1.40 (0.87, 2.25) 1.46 (0.72, 2.97) 1.31 (0.67, 2.54)
    Not adjacent to own town 0.83 (0.39, 1.75) 1.29 (0.69, 2.44) 1.46 (0.69, 3.10) 1.05 (0.50, 2.22)
    Remote 0.48, (0.20, 1.18) 0.79 (0.38, 1.65) 0.69 (0.24, 1.94) 0.39** (0.20, 0.78)
Predisposing variables
    Married with spouse 0.66** (0.50, 0.87) 0.66** (0.51, 0.85) 0.71** (0.57, 0.88)
    Men 0.91 (0.72, 1.16) 0.86 (0.68, 1.09) 0.94 (0.77, 1.16)
    Age 18–39 1 1 1
    Age 40–64 0.69 (0.39, 1.22) 0.69 (0.40, 1.20) 0.89 (0.58, 1.35)
    Age 65–74 1.21 (0.61, 2.38) 1.22 (0.63, 2.38) 1.55 (0.93, 2.58)
    Age 75+ 1.48 (0.78, 2.83) 1.56 (0.83, 2.92) 1.66* (1.05, 2.61)
    White non-Hispanic 0.59 (0.33, 1.06) 0.66 (0.38, 1.17) 0.67 (0.41, 1.11)
    Black non-Hispanic 0.78 (0.43, 1.42) 0.86 (0.48, 1.53) 0.84 (0.50, 1.42)
   Hispanic 0.99 (0.54, 1.82) 0.90 (0.49, 1.68) 1.10 (0.64, 1.89)
    Other ethnicity 1 1 1
    Education 0–8 1 1 1
    Education 9–11 0.85 (0.65, 1.11) 0.87 (0.67, 1.14) 0.89 (0.68, 1.16)
    High school 0.91 (0.65, 1.29) 0.93 (0.68, 1.27) 0.83 (0.63, 1.10)
    Some college 0.90 (0.65, 1.23) 0.91 (0.68, 1.20) 0.86 (0.64, 1.16)
    Medicaid 1.99*** (1.47, 2.69) 1.92*** (1.43, 2.57) 1.66*** (1.26, 2.19)
    Young with Medicare 1.72* (1.01, 2.93) 1.80* (1.14, 2.85) 1.32 (0.91, 1.93)
    Private insurance 0.96 (0.70, 1.31) 0.94 (0.69, 1.29) 1.08 (0.83, 1.41)
    Below poverty 0.84 (0.68, 1.05) 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) 0.85 (0.70, 1.04)
    Professional 0.46* (0.25, 0.84) 0.45* (0.24, 0.82) 0.65 (0.39, 1.09)
    Seat belt 1.03 (0.81, 1.31) 0.98 (0.79, 1.22) 1.07 (0.86, 1.34)
    Smoking 1.12 (0.79, 1.60) 1.15 (0.83, 1.60) 1.17 (0.90, 1.52)
Enabling variables
    Median household income 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) 1.00 (0.98, 1.02)
    Percent below poverty 1.07** (1.02. 1.12) 1.02 (0.99, 1.06)
    RNs 1.06 (0.99, 1.14) 1.04 (0.99, 1.10)
    LPNs/VNs 0.88 (0.69, 1.11) 0.84 (0.69, 1.03)
    Aides 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) 0.99 (0.95, 1.03)
 Number of physicians   or doctors of osteopathy 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) 0.96* (0.92, 0.99)
    Hospital beds 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) 0.98* (0.97, 0.99)
    ER/trauma 1.22 (0.72, 2.08) 1.18 (0.73, 1.90)
    Skilled NH beds 1.23 (0.78, 1.95) 1.39 (0.91, 2.14)
    General NH beds 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) 1.00 (0.99, 1.00)
 Home health agencies 0.72 (0.46, 1.10) 0.73 (0.48, 1.12)
    Usual source 1.05 (0.82, 1.34) 1.06 (0.87, 1.29)
Illness variables
    ADL deficit 5.02*** (3.73, 6.76)
    IADL deficit 3.33*** (2.44, 4.54)
    Functional limitation 1.20 (0.91, 1.60)
    Arthritis 0.86 (0.67, 1.10)
    Asthma 1.21 (0.90, 1.65)
    Diabetes 1.12 (0.88, 1.43)
    Emphysema 0.90 (0.63, 1.28)
    Heart disease 0.89 (0.74, 1.08)
    High blood pressure 0.97 (0.80, 1.18)
    Stroke 1.01 (0.80, 1.28)
    Perceived health 0.83 (0.63, 1.10)
    Alpha 1.83 1.55 1.20 1.20
    Model F and significance (5, 224) 1.85 (23, 206) 7.29*** (35, 194) 8.63*** (46, 183) 16.37***
    F and significance of added block NA (16, 228) 7.42*** (12, 228) 1.84* (11, 228) 20.41***
    Significant Wald Solid tests e*, i* d**, i***, j*
    Block 1 F and significance after   adding other variables in each model NA (5, 228) 0.84, p = .52 (5, 228) 0.99, p = .42 (5, 228) 2.08, p = .07

Notes: aAdjusted for the MEPS complex sample design. Population weights are applied to produce national estimates. Estimates are for persons age 18 and older. Significance, * = .05, ** = .01, *** = .001. Model adjusted Wald Solid tests of differences: a = micro versus adjacent to metro, b = micro versus adjacent to micro, c = micro versus not adjacent to own town, d = micro versus remote, e = adjacent to metro versus adjacent to micro, f = adjacent to metro versus not adjacent to own town, g = adjacent to metro versus remote, h = adjacent to micro versus not adjacent to own town, i = adjacent to micro versus remote, and j = not adjacent to own town versus remote.