Table 2.
Estimation Results of the Relationship Between Total Nursing Hours and Deficiencies (N = 4,933)
| Total Deficiencies, Coefficient (SE) | QoC Deficiencies, Coefficient (SE) | Serious Deficiencies, Coefficient (SE) | |
| Constant | 3.056*** (0.069) | 2.184*** (0.109) | 0.539 (0.345) |
| Total nursing hours | −0.027*** (0.006) | −0.041*** (0.012) | −0.096* (0.048) |
| Bed <60a | −0.205*** (0.012) | −0.266*** (0.033) | −0.138* (0.066) |
| Bed 120+a | 0.156*** (0.020) | 0.199*** (0.027) | 0.060 (0.059) |
| Nonprofit (yes = 1) | −0.105*** (0.016) | −0.167*** (0.033) | 0.092 (0.090) |
| % Medicare days | −0.002* (0.001) | −0.0004 (0.001) | 0.006 (0.005) |
| % Medi-Cal days | 0.0002 (0.0004) | 0.001* (0.0005) | 0.005** (0.002) |
| % Self-pay days | −0.003*** (0.0004) | −0.002* (0.0007) | 0.002 (0.002) |
| Occupancy rate | −0.003*** (0.0002) | −0.004*** (0.0005) | −0.012*** (0.002) |
| Chain (yes = 1) | 0.119*** (0.010) | 0.141*** (0.018) | 0.059 (0.051) |
| Resident care needs | 0.057*** (0.017) | 0.122*** (0.033) | 0.025 (0.102) |
| Per capita incomeb | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.003 (0.002) | −.009 (0.004) |
| Population 85+b | −0.007*** (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | 0.007* (0.003) |
| Competition (HI)c | −0.307** (0.116) | −0.091 (0.148) | 0.670* (0.276) |
| Region Bay (yes = 1) | 0.122** (0.038) | 0.238*** (0.047) | 0.190 (0.099) |
| Region Los Angeles (yes = 1) | 0.462*** (0.066) | −0.076 (0.101) | −1.066*** (0.284) |
| Year 2000d | 0.084*** (0.006) | 0.021 (0.012) | −0.286*** (0.067) |
| Year 2001d | 0.159*** (0.007) | 0.080*** (0.013) | −0.543*** (0.072) |
| Year 2002d | 0.143*** (0.007) | 0.033* (0.014) | −0.693*** (0.076) |
| Year 2003d | 0.110*** (0.009) | −0.013 (0.016) | −0.559*** (0.077) |
| Alpha/rho | 0.165*** (0.008) | 0.171*** (0.009) | 0.086** (0.025) |
| Log-likelihood | −21,677.94 | −15,034.53 | −2,258.28 |
Notes: HI = Herfindahl index; QoC = quality of care; SE = standard error.
a
Nursing homes with 60–119 beds are the reference.
b
For scaling purposes, these variables were divided by 1,000 and added into the analytic model.
c
Higher HI score refers to lower competition.
d
Year 1999 is the reference.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.