Table 3.
Estimation Results of the Relationship Between Meeting the State Nursing Home Staffing Standard and Deficiencies (N = 4,933)
| Total Deficiencies, Coefficient (SE) | QoC Deficiencies, Coefficient (SE) | Serious Deficiencies, Coefficient (SE) | |
| Constant | 2.971*** (0.063) | 2.056*** (0.098) | 0.244 (0.309) |
| Meeting state staffing standard (yes = 1) | −0.016*** (0.005) | −0.020* (0.010) | −0.009 (0.057) |
| Bed <60a | −0.210*** (0.024) | −0.273*** (0.033) | −0.158* (0.066) |
| Bed 120+a | 0.156*** (0.020) | 0.199*** (0.027) | 0.055 (0.059) |
| Nonprofit (yes = 1) | −0.112*** (0.016) | −0.181*** (0.033) | 0.049 (0.090) |
| % Medicare days | −0.002** (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | 0.004 (0.004) |
| % Medi-Cal days | 0.0002 (0.0004) | 0.001* (0.001) | 0.005* (0.002) |
| % Self-pay days | −0.003*** (0.0004) | −0.002* (0.001) | 0.001 (0.002) |
| Occupancy rate | −0.003*** (0.0002) | −0.003*** (0.001) | −0.011*** (0.002) |
| Chain (yes = 1) | 0.119*** (0.010) | 0.142*** (0.018) | 0.067 (0.051) |
| Resident care needs | 0.055*** (0.017) | 0.115*** (0.033) | −0.015 (0.102) |
| Per capita incomeb | 0.0009 (0.001) | −0.003 (0.002) | −0.009* (0.004) |
| Population 85+b | −0.007*** (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | 0.007* (0.003) |
| Competition (HI)c | −0.309** (0.116) | −0.093 (0.149) | 0.666* (0.279) |
| Region Bay (yes = 1) | 0.121** (0.038) | 0.237*** (0.047) | 0.189 (0.100) |
| Region Los Angeles (yes = 1) | 0.470*** (0.066) | −0.067 (0.101) | −1.059*** (0.284) |
| Year 2000d | 0.083*** (0.006) | 0.019 (0.012) | −0.296*** (0.068) |
| Year 2001d | 0.157*** (0.007) | 0.075*** (0.013) | −0.565*** (0.073) |
| Year 2002d | 0.140*** (0.007) | 0.027* (0.013) | −0.723*** (0.078) |
| Year 2003d | 0.108*** (0.009) | −0.019 (0.016) | −0.593*** (0.081) |
| Alpha/rho | 0.166*** (0.008) | 0.172*** (0.009) | 0.086*** (0.025) |
| Log-likelihood | −21,678.95 | −15,036.37 | −2,260.54 |
Notes: HI = Herfindahl index; QoC = quality of care; SE = standard error.
a
Nursing homes with 60–119 beds are the reference.
b
For scaling purposes, these variables were divided by 1,000 and added into the analytic model.
c
Higher HI score refers to lower competition.
d
Year 1999 is the reference.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.