Table 2.
Odds Ratios of the Factors Associated With Frailty by Age and Sex: Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, 2002
| Age groups |
||||
| 65–79 | 80–89 | 90–99 | 100+ | |
| Men | ||||
| Age | 1.08 (0.01)*** | 1.12 (0.02)*** | 1.12 (0.02)*** | 1.10 (0.06) |
| Non-Han (ref.: Han) | 0.53 (0.10)** | 0.73 (0.14) | 0.45 (0.10)*** | 0.60 (0.27) |
| Urban (ref.: rural) | 1.04 (0.10) | 1.17 (0.12) | 1.42 (0.17)** | 0.82 (0.15) |
| 1+ years education (ref.: 0) | 0.68 (0.07)*** | 0.92 (0.09) | 0.94 (0.10) | 1.02 (0.18) |
| White collar occupation (ref.: others) | 1.24 (0.15)† | 1.36 (0.18)* | 1.19 (0.24) | 1.71 (0.75) |
| Economic independence (ref.: dependence) | 0.99 (0.10) | 0.80 (0.08)* | 0.86 (0.13) | 1.32 (0.35) |
| Good family economic standing (ref.: no) | 0.89 (0.10) | 0.76 (0.08)** | 0.65 (0.09)** | 0.80 (0.18) |
| Currently married (ref.: no) | 0.90 (0.09) | 1.04 (0.09) | 0.81 (0.10)* | 0.69 (0.19) |
| High proximity to children (ref.: no) | 0.87 (0.10) | 0.94 (0.10) | 0.95 (0.13) | 1.13 (0.27) |
| Religious involvement (ref.: no) | 0.79 (0.10)† | 0.66 (0.09)** | 0.56 (0.09)*** | 0.39 (0.10)*** |
| Regularly exercise (ref.: no) | 0.70 (0.06)*** | 0.37 (0.03)*** | 0.25 (0.03)*** | 0.23 (0.04)*** |
| Smoked in the past 5 years (ref.: no) | 0.87 (0.07) | 1.00 (0.09) | 0.84 (0.09) | 0.69 (0.13)† |
| N | 2,438 | 2,128 | 1,584 | 655 |
| -Log pseudo-likelihood | 2416.8 | 2437.4 | 1603.1 | 563.8 |
| Women | ||||
| Age | 1.10 (0.01)*** | 1.12 (0.02)*** | 1.06 (0.02)*** | 1.08 (0.03)** |
| Non-Han (ref.: Han) | 0.51 (0.10)** | 0.68 (0.13)* | 0.50 (0.08)*** | 0.45 (0.10)*** |
| Urban (ref.: rural) | 1.11 (0.11) | 1.31 (0.12)* | 1.23 (0.11)* | 1.21 (0.11)* |
| 1+ years education (ref.: 0) | 0.98 (0.11) | 1.03 (0.13) | 0.98 (0.13) | 1.22 (0.21) |
| White collar occupation (ref.: others) | 1.11 (0.26) | 1.09 (0.27) | 1.51 (0.39) | 3.41 (1.85)* |
| Economic independence (ref.: dependence) | 0.77 (0.08)* | 0.69 (0.11)* | 0.76 (0.18) | 0.42 (0.13)** |
| Good family economic standing (ref.: no) | 0.52 (0.07)*** | 0.66 (0.08)** | 0.59 (0.07)*** | 0.65 (0.08)*** |
| Currently married (ref.: no) | 0.87 (0.08) | 0.78 (0.10)† | 0.68 (0.16) | 0.35 (0.14)* |
| High proximity to children (ref.: no) | 1.05 (0.16) | 1.07 (0.12) | 0.84 (0.10) | 0.80 (0.09)* |
| Religious involvement (ref.: no) | 0.80 (0.08)* | 0.63 (0.06)*** | 0.54 (0.06)*** | 0.52 (0.07)*** |
| Regularly exercise (ref.: no) | 0.66 (0.07)*** | 0.36 (0.04)*** | 0.28 (0.03)*** | 0.28 (0.03)*** |
| Smoked in the past 5 years (ref.: no) | 1.10 (0.16) | 0.99 (0.14) | 1.03 (0.14) | 0.92 (0.15) |
| N | 2,407 | 2,111 | 2,163 | 2,433 |
| -Log pseudo-likelihood | 1906.7 | 2395.9 | 2331.7 | 2185.0 |
Notes: Odds ratios are from ordinal regression models predicting frailty quartiles. Numbers in the parentheses are standard errors.
†p < 0.1; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.