Table 1.

Ethical principles and benchmarks for multinational research (Emanuel et al., 2004)

Principle	Benchmarks
Collaborative partnership	•Identify local partners •Shared responsibility for identify importance of health problem •Respect for community value •Minimal disparities between researchers and sponsors •Fair benefits •Determine beneficiaries
Social value	•Outline potential value of research to each beneficiary •Mechanisms to enhance social value •No supplanting extant health system
Scientific validity	•The scientific design realizes scientific objectives •Study is feasible within local healthcare & physical infrastructure
Fair Selection of study population	•Selected population should ensure scientific validity •Select population to minimize the risks of research & enhance other principles •Identify & protect vulnerable pops
Favourable risk-benefit ratio	•Assess potential risks & benefits of research •Compare net risks with potential benefits
Independent review	•Ensure reviews by bodies mandated by laws and regulations •Transparent reviews by international bodies as appropriate •Ensure independence & competence of reviews
Informed consent	•Involve community in recruitment procedures & incentives •Disclose information in linguistic & culturally acceptable formats •Implement supplementary consent procedures where appropriate •Obtain consent in culturally acceptable format •Ensure freedom to participate
Respect for participants	•Develop & implement procedures to protect confidentiality •Ensure participants know their rights •Give participants information arising from the study •Monitor & develop interventions for medical conditions arising from participation •Feedback findings