Table 1.
Demographic and baseline characteristics (N = 170)
| Variables | Women(%) | Men(%) | Statistics P values |
| Age (Mean, SD) | 59.00 (11.07) | 54.85(10.47) |
t value: 2.51 p = 0.013 |
| Range | 36–87 | 32–78 | ES:0.39 (0.08–0.69) |
| BMI | |||
| • Normal < 25 | 22 (26%) | 11 (13%) | χ2: 9.027 |
| • Overweight (25.0–29.99) | 26 (30%) | 44 (52%) | P = 0.011 |
| • Obese (≥ 30.0) | 37 (44%) | 30 (35%) | |
| Comorbidity (Mean, SD) | 3.34 (2.82) | 2.61 (2.54) | t value: 1.78 p = 0.0764 |
| Smoking | |||
| • Yes | 9 (11%) | 16 (19%) | χ2: 2.29 |
| • No | 76(89%) | 69 (81%) | p = 0.1295 |
| Hand Dominance | |||
| • Right | 78 (92%) | 77 (91%) | Exact Fisher's: 0.10 |
| • Left | 7 (8%) | 7 (8%) | p = 1.00 |
| • Bilateral | None | 1 (1%) | |
| Affected Side | |||
| • Right | 48 (57%) | 42 (49%) | χ2: 4.90 |
| • Left | 14 (16%) | 26 (31%) | p = 0.086 |
| • Bilateral | 23 (27%) | 17 (20%) | |
| Side operated on | |||
| • Right | 61 (72%) | 50 (59%) | χ2: 3.14 |
| • Left | 24 (41%) | 35 (41%) | p = 0.076 |
| Symptom duration in months (Mean, SD) | 45.06(71) | 47.98 (60) | t value: -0.29 p = 0.77 |
| Symptoms characteristics | |||
| • Pain on movement | 66 (78%) | 67(79%) | χ2: 0.0345, p = 0.85 |
| • Night pain | 59 (69%) | 51(60%) | χ2: 0.0, p = 1.00 |
| • Weakness | 57 (67%) | 56 (66%) | χ2: 0.0, p = 1.00 |
| • Catching/Clicking/Grinding | 40 (47%) | 40 (47%) | χ2: 0.0, p = 1.00 |
| Extent of bony pathology | |||
| • AC joint arthritis | 55(65%) | 67(74%) | χ2: 4.18, p = 0.04 |
| • GH Arthritis | 22(26%) | 23(27%) | χ2: 0.05, p = 0.81 |
| • Superior migration of humeral head | |||
| • Subacromial Spurs | 22(26%) | 23(27%) | χ2: 0.03, p = 0.86 |
| • Calcified Tendinitis | 77(91%) | 78(92%) | χ2: 0.7, p = 0.87 |
| • Osteolysis of end of clavicle | 5(6%) | 6(7%) | χ2: 0.09, p = 0.76 |
| • Osacromiale | 0(0%) | 3(4%) | Fisher's test: 0.12, p = 0.24 |
| 1(1%) | 1(1%) | Fisher's test: 0.50, p = 1.00 | |
| Mechanism of injury | |||
| • Insidious | 29 (34%) | 23(27%) | χ2: 0.99, p = 0.31 |
| • Repetitive activities | 14(17%) | 13 (15%) | χ2: 0.44, p = 0.83 |
| • Fall | 15 (18%) | 10 (12%) | χ2: 1.172, p = 0.28 |
| • Traumatic | 10 (12%) | 21 (25%) | χ2: 4.77, p = 0.03 |
| Work Status (active work-related claim related to shoulder): 36/170 | 20(24%) | 16(19%) | χ2: 0.56, p = 0.45 |
| Type of surgery | |||
| • Rotator Cuff repair | 44 (52%) | 50 (59%) | χ2: 0.85, p = 0.35 |
| • Resection of lateral Clavicle | 49(58%) | 63 (74%) | χ2: 5.13, p = 0.02 |
| • Acromioplasty | 77 (91%) | 84 (99%) |
Exact Fisher's: 0.015 p = 0.03 |
| Size of full-thickness tear | |||
| • Small | 2 (2%) | 2 (2%) | Exact Fisher's: 0.65 |
| • Moderate | 31 (33%) | 36 (38%) | p = 0.86 |
| • Large | 12 (13%) | 11 (12%) | |
| Medication taken | |||
| • Yes | 32 (39%) | 41(47%) | χ2: 1.94, p = 0.16 |
| • No | 53 (61%) | 44(52%) | |
| Participation limitation | |||
| • Low | 31 (36%) | 45 (53%) | |
| • Moderate | 18 (21%) | 25 (29%) | χ2: 12.36, p = 0.002 |
| • High | 36(42%) | 15(18%) | |
|
Strength (Mean, SD) (Elevation in scapular plane, lb) |
|||
| • Affected side | 2.89(2.89) | 7.01 (4.76) | -6.03 p < 0.0001 |
| • Opposite side | 7.81(3.28) | 13.31(5.49) | -7.06 p < 0.0001 |
| Range of motion (Mean, SD) | |||
| Active flexion (0/180) | 119 (42) | 139 (39) | -3.23 0.001 |
| Passive flexion (0/180) | 149 (29) | 156 (25) | -1.43 0.1528 |
| Active abduction (0/180) | 106 (47) | 128 (43) | -2.91 0.002 |
| Passive abduction (0/180) | 138 (37) | 147 (30) | -1.36 0.17 |
| Active external rotation (0/90) | 46(19) | 54(35) | -1.11 0.270 |
| Passive external rotation (0/90) | 56(19) | 71(25) | 0.977 0.329 |
| Combined painfree range of motion (0/40) | |||
| (Mean, SD) | |||
| Flexion: 10 | |||
| Abduction: 10 | 19.07 (9.61) | 23.08 (9.92) | -2.65 0.009 |
| External Rotation: 10 | |||
| Internal Rotation: 10 | |||
AC: Acromioclavicular
BMI: Body Mass Index
GH: Glenohumeral
SD: Standard Deviation
χ2:Chi-Square