Table 1.

Etiologies of congenital vertical talus (additional malformations, chromosomal abnormalities and genetic syndromes)

Central nervous system/spinal cord

Myelomeningocele

Spinal muscular atrophy

Diastematomyelia

Sacral agenesis

Muscle

Distal arthrogryposis

Arthrogryposis multiplex

Neurofibromatosis

Chromosomal abnormality

Trisomy 18

Trisomy 15

Trisomy 13

Known genetic syndromes

Neurofibromatosis

Prune-Belly syndrome

Rasmussen syndrome

Split hand and split foot

Costello syndrome

De Barsy syndrome

Single gene defects

HOXD10

CDMP1