Table 3.
Macronutrient intake by HOMA tertiles in men and women, Strong Heart Study (2nd examination, 1993–1995)
| Men (n = 577) | Women (n = 881) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st tertile | 2nd tertile | 3rd tertile | P for trend | 1st tertile | 2nd tertile | 3rd tertile | P for trend | |
| Energy (kcal) | 2105 ± 887 | 2004 ± 902 | 2124 ± 976 | 0.44 | 1650 ± 589 | 1771 ± 667 | 1789 ± 699 | 0.01 |
| Total fat | ||||||||
| (g) | 83.0 ± 43.5 | 82.8 ± 45.6 | 84.4 ± 47.0 | 0.31 | 65.1 ± 29.5 | 66.5 ± 32.5 | 69.7 ± 34.5 | 0.14 |
| % of calories | 35.1 ± 10.7 | 36.5 ± 9.2 | 35.3 ± 9.2 | 0.61 | 35.5 ± 9.5 | 33.5 ± 9.0 | 34.6± 8.7 | 0.26 |
| Saturated fatty acids | ||||||||
| (g) | 29.1 ± 16.4 | 27.9 ± 15.7 | 28.8 ± 16.4 | 0.03 | 22.0 ± 11.0 | 22.8 ± 11.8 | 23.6 ± 12.5 | 0.19 |
| % of calories | 12.3 ± 4.2 | 12.4 ± 3.8 | 12.0 ± 3.7 | 0.90 | 11.9 ± 4.0 | 11.5 ± 3.7 | 11.7 ± 3.7 | 0.28 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids | ||||||||
| (g) | 31.7 ± 17.7 | 32.4 ± 18.7 | 32.5 ± 19.5 | 0.19 | 24.5 ± 12.1 | 25.4 ± 13.3 | 26.4 ± 14.0 | 0.14 |
| % of calories | 13.4 ± 4.6 | 14.2 ± 4.1 | 13.5 ± 4.1 | 0.33 | 13.3 ± 4.1 | 12.7 ± 4.0 | 13.1 ± 3.9 | 0.45 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | ||||||||
| (g) | 14.5 ± 9.3 | 14.9 ± 10.5 | 15.2 ± 10.7 | 0.41 | 12.9 ± 7.7 | 12.4 ± 8.1 | 13.4 ± 8.1 | 0.49 |
| % of calories | 6.2 ± 3.1 | 6.5 ± 3.0 | 6.4 ± 3.2 | 0.96 | 7.1 ± 3.4 | 6.2 ± 3.0 | 6.6 ± 2.9 | 0.17 |
| Omega 3 | ||||||||
| (g) | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 0.18 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 0.56 |
| % of calories | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.26 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.10 |
| Omega 6 | ||||||||
| (g) | 13.0 ± 8.4 | 13.5 ± 9.6 | 13.7 ± 9.7 | 0.39 | 11.6 ± 6.9 | 11.1 ± 7.3 | 12.1 ± 7.4 | 0.43 |
| % of calories | 5.5 ± 2.8 | 5.9 ± 2.7 | 5.7 ± 3.0 | 0.89 | 6.4 ± 3.1 | 5.6 ± 2.8 | 6.0 ± 2.6 | 0.24 |
| Trans fatty acids | ||||||||
| (g) | 5.1 ± 3.7 | 5.9 ± 4.7 | 5.7 ± 4.2 | 0.002 | 4.6 ± 3.2 | 4.6 ± 3.6 | 5.0 ± 3.5 | 0.51 |
| % of calories | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 0.05 | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 0.38 |
| Carbohydrates | ||||||||
| (g) | 252± 124 | 237 ± 118 | 260 ± 133 | 0.23 | 208 ± 91 | 233 ± 101 | 226 ± 99 | 0.01 |
| % of calories | 48.0 ± 12.6 | 47.4 ± 11.6 | 49.0 ± 11.4 | 0.33 | 50.2 ± 12.3 | 52.7 ± 11.0 | 50.8 ± 11.2 | 0.540 |
| Simple carbohydrates | ||||||||
| (g) | 93.6 ± 70.0 | 91.9 ± 70.1 | 103.5 ± 79.1 | 0.05 | 90.9 ± 61.7 | 103.6 ± 66.8 | 98.4 ± 64.7 | 0.14 |
| % of calories | 17.7 ± 11.3 | 17.8 ± 11.0 | 19.2 ± 10.8 | 0.04 | 21.7 ± 11.4 | 23.2 ± 11.3 | 21.9 ± 11.9 | 0.74 |
| % of carbohydrates | 35.6 ± 18.0 | 36.2 ± 17.9 | 37.8 ± 17.3 | 0.05 | 41.8 ± 17.0 | 42.9 ± 16.5 | 41.5 ± 17.1 | 0.97 |
| Protein | ||||||||
| (g) | 80.5 ± 39.4 | 77.0 ± 36.3 | 80.5 ± 38.2 | 0.25 | 62.3 ± 26.6 | 64.5 ± 28.5 | 67.4 ± 29.9 | 0.02 |
| % of calories | 15.5 ± 4.5 | 15.8 ± 4.1 | 15.7 ± 4.5 | 0.96 | 15.3 ± 4.7 | 14.7 ± 4.0 | 15.3 ± 4.2 | 0.94 |
| Animal protein | ||||||||
| (g) | 50.0 ± 33.7 | 49.4 ± 29.4 | 50.5 ± 30.2 | 0.09 | 40.1 ± 22.7 | 40.6 ± 24.6 | 43.4 ± 25.8 | 0.11 |
| % of calories | 9.5 ± 4.9 | 10.2 ± 4.6 | 9.9 ± 5.0 | 0.39 | 9.9 ± 5.2 | 9.2 ± 4.4 | 9.7 ± 4.4 | 0.62 |
| Vegetable protein | ||||||||
| (g) | 30.2 ± 20.0 | 27.4 ± 16.6 | 29.7 ± 17.8 | 0.95 | 22.0 ± 11.4 | 23.7 ± 12.7 | 23.8 ± 12.2 | 0.03 |
| % of calories | 5.9 ± 3.1 | 5.6 ± 2.3 | 5.7 ± 2.7 | 0.98 | 5.4 ± 2.1 | 5.5 ± 2.2 | 5.5 ± 2.4 | 0.24 |
Note: HOMA = homeostasis model assessment, an estimate of insulin resistance.