Table 5.
Adjusted mean (95% CI) of HOMA scores, by tertile of dietary intake,a Strong Heart Study (2nd examination, 1993–1995)
| Men (n = 577) | Women (n = 881) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st tertile | 2nd tertile | 3rd tertile | P for trend | 1st tertile | 2nd tertile | 3rd tertile | P for trend | |
| Total fat | 2.88 (2.58–3.21) | 3.04 (2.79–3.32) | 2.90 (2.60–3.23) | 0.93 | 3.35 (3.01–3.72) | 3.47 (3.23–3.74) | 3.26 (2.94–3.62) | 0.78 |
| SFA | 2.91 (2.64–3.20) | 3.06 (2.81–3.34) | 2.85 (2.59–3.14) | 0.79 | 3.40 (3.11–3.73) | 3.37 (3.13–3.63) | 3.30 (3.02–3.60) | 0.67 |
| MUFA | 2.75 (2.48–3.06) | 2.90 (2.66–3.16) | 3.17 (2.86–3.51) | 0.11 | 3.54 (3.21–3.90) | 3.31 (3.08–3.56) | 3.24 (2.94–3.56) | 0.28 |
| PUFA | 3.00 (2.74–3.28) | 2.85 (2.62–3.10) | 2.97 (2.73–3.24) | 0.88 | 3.45 (3.20–3.72) | 3.53 (3.28–3.80) | 3.12 (2.89–3.35) | 0.06 |
| Omega 3 | 2.92 (2.68–3.18) | 2.93 (2.69–3.20) | 2.96 (2.71–3.24) | 0.81 | 3.33 (3.08–3.59) | 3.62 (3.36–3.90) | 3.15 (2.92–3.39) | 0.32 |
| Omega 6 | 3.00 (2.75–3.28) | 2.88 (2.64–3.14) | 2.93 (2.69–3.20) | 0.73 | 3.42 (3.18–3.69) | 3.56 (3.31–3.83) | 3.11 (2.89–3.35) | 0.09 |
| TFA | 2.83 (2.59–3.09) | 2.96 (2.72–3.23) | 3.03 (2.78–3.30) | 0.28 | 3.36 (3.12–3.63) | 3.34 (3.10–3.59) | 3.37 (3.13–3.63) | 0.96 |
| Carbohydrates | 2.79 (2.42–3.22) | 3.00 (2.75–3.27) | 3.03 (2.62–3.49) | 0.54 | 3.82 (3.37–4.34) | 3.31 (3.08–3.56) | 3.00 (2.65–3.39) | 0.04 |
| Simple carbohydrates | 2.83 (2.58–3.11) | 2.84 (2.61–3.09) | 3.15 (2.86–3.47) | 0.16 | 3.37 (3.10–3.66) | 3.42 (3.18–3.67) | 3.29 (3.02–3.57) | 0.70 |
| Protein | 2.88 (2.63–3.16) | 2.90 (2.66–3.16) | 3.03 (2.77–3.32) | 0.47 | 3.15 (2.91–3.42) | 3.28 (3.05–3.53) | 3.64 (3.37–3.94) | 0.02 |
| Animal protein | 2.81 (2.55–3.10) | 2.97 (2.73–3.23) | 3.04 (2.75–3.36) | 0.33 | 3.05 (2.80–3.31) | 3.41 (3.17–3.67) | 3.64 (3.35–3.94) | 0.007 |
| Vegetable protein | 2.87 (2.62–3.13) | 2.92 (2.68–3.18) | 3.02 (2.77–3.31) | 0.43 | 3.49 (3.24–3.77) | 3.21 (2.99–3.46) | 3.37 (3.13–3.63) | 0.53 |
Note: CI = confidence interval; HOMA = homeostasis model assessment, an estimate of insulin resistance; SFA = saturated fatty acid; MUFA = monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA = polyunsaturated fatty acid; TFA = trans fatty acid.
a
Intakes were included as percentage of total calories. All models were adjusted for age, study center, education, smoking, drinking, body mass index, and energy intake.