Table 2.

Effects of Digoxin on All-Cause Mortality

Patient Subgroups	Absolute Risk (% Mortality/Total)	Crude HR (95% CI)	p Value	Adjusted* HR (95% CI)	p Value
< 65 Years (n = 2658)
Placebo (n = 1852)	27%	1	Reference	1	Reference
SDC 0.5–0.9 ng/mL (n = 510)	26%	0.61 (0.42–0.89)	.010	0.62 (0.42–0.90)	.012
SDC ≥ 1 ng/mL (n = 296)	36%	1.18 (0.81–1.72)	.391	0.97 (0.66–1.43)	.885
≥ 65 Years n = 2890)
Placebo (n = 2009)	38%	1	Reference	1	Reference
SDC 0.5–0.9 ng/mL (n = 472)	34%	0.76 (0.64–0.90)	.001	0.81 (0.68–0.96)	.017
SDC ≥ 1 ng/mL (n = 409)	46%	1.13 (0.96–1.32)	.136	1.03 (0.88–1.21)	.727

Notes: HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; SDC = serum digoxin concentration.

^*Adjusted for age, sex, race, body mass index, duration of heart failure, etiology of heart failure, prior myocardial infarction, current angina, hypertension, diabetes, pretrial use of digoxin, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, and combination of hydralazine and nitrates, current dyspnea at rest and dyspnea on exertion, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, current jugular venous distension, third heart sound, pulmonary râles, lower extremity edema, New York Heart Association functional class, pulmonary congestion by chest x-ray, cardiothoracic ratio > 0.5, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and ejection fraction.