Table 3.

Associations between infections with different Plasmodium species as observed by different diagnostic techniques.

	Light microscopy			LDR – FMA
	OR1	CL95	P-value	OR1	CL95	P-value
Overall
Pf vs Pv	0.69	[0.53,0.90]	0.004	1.12	[0.96,1.34]	0.145
Pf vs Pm	0.25	[0.11,0.49]	< 0.001	3.14	[2.39,4.15]	< 0.001
Pf vs Po	--			2.00	[1.33,3.07]	< 0.001
Pv vs Pm	0.37	[0.13,0.84]	0.014	1.49	[1.17,1.89]	< 0.001
Pv vs Po	--			2.00	[1.39,2.98]	< 0.001
Pm vs Po	--			2.47	[1.56,3.81]	< 0.001
Children < 10 yrs
Pf vs Pv	0.71	[0.52,0.97]	0.034	1.04	[0.81,1.34]	0.761
Pf vs Pm	0.41	[0.17,1.00]	0.049	6.78	[3.63,12.67]	< 0.001
Pf vs Po	--			2.50	[1.29,4.82]	0.006
Pv vs Pm	0.41	[0.14,1.17]	0.096	1.09	[0.70,1.70]	0.713
Pv vs Po	--			1.97	[1.07,3.63]	0.029
Pm vs Po	--			6.19	[3.18,12.05]	< 0.001
Adolescents & adults > = 10 yrs
Pf vs Pv	0.38	[0.22,0.65]	< 0.001	1.30	[1.04,1.63]	0.020
Pf vs Pm	0.17	[0.06,0.46]	0.001	2.37	[1.76,3.21]	< 0.001
Pf vs Po	--			1.74	[1.06,2.87]	0.030
Pv vs Pm	0.35	[0.08,1.44]	0.145	1.96	[1.49,2.59]	< 0.001
Pv vs Po	--			2.15	[1.35,3.42]	0.001
Pm vs Po	--			1.51	[0.66,2.62]	0.150

¹ OR: Odd-ratio. OR < 1 indicated negative, OR > 1 a positive association, CL₉₅: 95% confidence limit

Pf = P. falciparum, Pv = P. vivax, Pm = P. malariae, Po = P. ovale