Table 2.
Selected Demographic and Study Variables of the Study Sample Across Frailty Categories
| Characteristics | Nonfrail (n = 90) | Prefrail (n = 382) | Frail (n = 224) | p* |
| Age (y), mean (SD) | 73.0 (6.2) | 77.1 (7.4) | 80.6 (7.8) | <.001 |
| Race (% White) | 81.1 | 71.2 | 68.3 | .06 |
| Education (y), mean (SD) | 10.8 (3.9) | 9.8 (3.6) | 9.1 (2.7) | .001 |
| Smoking status (% current or previous smokers) | 45.8 | 46.1 | 46.2 | .9 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.1 (4.2) | 29.1 (6.6) | 27.8 (7.8) | .7 |
| %BMI† | .5 | |||
| <21.5 | 2.6 | 8.4 | 21.3 | |
| 21.5–24.9 | 31.0 | 15.6 | 16.0 | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 43.2 | 35.3 | 25.6 | |
| ≥30.0 | 23.2 | 40.7 | 37.1 | |
| WBC (×103/mm3), mean (SD) | 6.1 (1.6) | 6.4 (1.8) | 6.6 (1.8) | <.001 |
| IGF-1 (μg/L), mean (SD) | 118.9 (43.8) | 113.9 (48.6) | 102.3 (46.1) | <.001 |
Notes: BMI = body mass index; IGF-1 = insulinlike growth factor-1; WBC = white blood cell.
*
p Values were determined using Jonckheere–Terpstra trend test.
†
BMI was considered a categorical variable as defined and was adjusted in all the regression models.