Figure 7.
Hypothetical scheme of the pathway of CRT/ERp57 exposure. In response to immunogenic cell death inducers, three modules are activated, namely an ER stress module, an apoptotic module and a translocation module. The hierarchy among these modules has been established. However, the exact molecular links among them remain unclear. Moreover, the level at which ROS contributes to CRT/ERp57 exposure is elusive. The scheme lists elements of the pathway that are necessary for CRT/ERp57 exposure. However, the activation of these elements is not sufficient to induce CRT/ERp57 exposure. Inhibitors of CRT/ERp57 exposure are listed on the right. Those inhibitors that also reduce the immunogenicity of cell death in vivo have been marked with asterisks.