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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Mar 18.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Heart Fail. 2008 Jul 1;1(2):91–97. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.107.743146

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of subjects with HF according to ejection fraction

Overall EF < 50% EF ≥ 50% p-value
Demographics
Age (years), mean ± SD 76.4 ± 12.4 75.0 ± 12.7 78.2 ± 11.9 0.001
Male, % 46 54 37 <0.001
Cardiovascular risk factors
Hypertension, % 68 67 68 0.76
Diabetes mellitus, % 19 23 13 0.005
Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent), % 3 4 2 0.01
Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent), % 15 18 10
Smoker ever, % 53 59 46 0.005
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD 27.1 ± 5.6 27.3 ± 5.7 26.8 ± 5.4 0.41
Comorbidity
Documented coronary disease*, % 35 41 27 0.003
Peripheral vascular or cerebrovascular disease, % 37 40 33 0.13
Severe chronic kidney disease, % 8 9 8 0.60
Moderate chronic kidney disease, % 50 51 50
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, % 22 21 23 0.44
Gastro-intestinal or liver disease, % 23 22 25 0.24
Cancer, % 18 17 20 0.27
Rheumatologic disease, % 8 7 10 0.12
*

Documented coronary disease defined as prior myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting or angiographically defined significant coronary artery disease.