Table 1.
Number (Percent) of Subjects in Each Outcome Group by Individual-, Family-, and Neighborhood-Level Demographic Characteristics and Crude Odds Ratios (95% CI) for Asthma
| Parameter | 1 Asthmatics w/exacerbations (n=144) |
2 Asthmatics w/no exacerbations (n=201) |
3 Nonasthmatics (n=2769) |
1 vs. 3 Crude OR (95% CI) |
2 vs. 3 Crude OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Individual Level | |||||
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 52 (36.1) | 79 (39.3) | 1385 (50.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 92 (63.9) | 122 (60.7) | 1384 (50.0) | 1.81 (1.26–2.59) | 1.57 (1.16–2.13) |
| Age (years) | |||||
| ≤5 | 32 (22.2) | 47 (23.4) | 1021 (36.9) | 0.59 (0.36–0.98) | 0.67 (0.43–1.03) |
| 6-<10 | 35 (24.3) | 46 (22.9) | 674 (24.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 10-<15 | 53 (36.8) | 65 (32.3) | 702 (25.4) | 1.46 (0.93–2.31) | 1.37 (0.91–2.06) |
| ≥15 | 24 (16.7) | 43 (21.4) | 372 (13.4) | 1.25 (0.72–2.18) | 1.73 (1.09–2.74) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 29 (20.1) | 34 (16.9) | 503 (18.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Hispanic | 62 (43.1) | 120 (59.7) | 1809 (65.3) | 0.58 (0.36–0.94) | 0.98 (0.64–1.48) |
| African American | 37 (25.7) | 26 (12.9) | 221 (8.0) | 3.07 (1.78–5.32) | 1.81 (1.02–3.20) |
| Asian/Other | 16 (11.1) | 21 (10.5) | 236 (8.5) | 1.18 (0.61–2.29) | 1.32 (0.72–2.41) |
| Health insurance during past 12 months | |||||
| Insured | 146 (80.7) | 188 (88.7) | 1927 (77.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Partially insured or not insured | 35 (19.3) | 15 (11.3) | 572 (22.9) | 0.42 (0.24–0.73) | 0.80 (0.54–1.20) |
| Usual source of sick care | |||||
| No | 14 (9.9) | 24 (11.9) | 302 (11.0) | 0.89 (0.49–1.59) | 1.11 (0.70–1.77) |
| Yes | 128 (90.1) | 177 (88.1) | 2457 (89.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Well visit in past 12 months | |||||
| No | 65 (32.8) | 42 (29.4) | 674 (24.7) | 1.28 (0.87–1.88) | 1.52 (1.10–2.11) |
| Yes | 133 (67.2) | 101 (70.6) | 2054 (75.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Family Level | |||||
| Family income (as Percent FPL) | |||||
| <100% | 25 (17.6) | 60 (29.9) | 921 (33.7) | 0.33 (0.20–0.54) | 0.76 (0.51–1.12) |
| 100–199% | 32 (22.5) | 62 (30.9) | 753 (27.6) | 0.51 (0.32–0.82) | 0.97 (0.65–1.43) |
| 200–299% | 28 (19.7) | 19 (9.5) | 349 (12.8) | 1.00 (0.61–1.65) | 0.63 (0.36–1.10) |
| ≥300% | 57 (40.1) | 60 (29.9) | 707 (25.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Homeowners | |||||
| Yes | 72 (50.7) | 82 (40.8) | 1021 (37.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 70 (49.3) | 119 (59.2) | 1709 (62.6) | 0.57 (0.40–0.82) | 0.86 (0.63–1.17) |
| Non-housing assets (dollars) | |||||
| <500 | 28 (19.7) | 43 (21.4) | 648 (23.7) | 0.58 (0.35–0.96) | 0.88 (0.56–1.39) |
| 500-<44000 | 69 (48.6) | 112 (55.7) | 1468 (53.8) | 0.63 (0.42–0.95) | 1.02 (0.70–1.49) |
| ≥44000 | 45 (31.7) | 46 (22.9) | 614 (22.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Public assistance in past 12 months | |||||
| No | 102 (71.8) | 146 (72.6) | 2181 (79.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 40 (28.2) | 55 (27.4) | 549 (20.1) | 1.59 (1.06–2.36) | 1.52 (1.08–2.16) |
| PCG’s education (years) | |||||
| <12 | 29 (20.3) | 63 (31.8) | 1172 (42.7) | 0.31 (0.20–0.48) | 0.62 (0.43–0.88) |
| 12 | 30 (21.0) | 43 (21.7) | 492 (17.9) | 0.77 (0.49–1.22) | 1.03 (0.69–1.55) |
| >12 | 84 (58.7) | 92 (46.5) | 1080 (39.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Parent’s employment status | |||||
| One or both employed | 120 (83.3) | 168 (84.0) | 2402 (86.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Both unemployed | 24 (16.7) | 32 (16.0) | 361 (13.1) | 1.35 (0.84–2.17) | 1.29 (0.84–1.96) |
| Foreign born status of PCG | |||||
| US born | 97 (69.3) | 86 (43.4) | 953 (35.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Foreign born | 43 (30.7) | 112 (56.6) | 1762 (64.9) | 0.23 (0.16–0.34) | 0.69 (0.51–0.94) |
| Neighborhood satisfaction | |||||
| Very satisfied | 36 (26.3) | 41 (21.5) | 502 (19.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Satisfied or Neutral (if volunteered) | 75 (54.7) | 115 (60.2) | 1610 (62.3) | 0.64 (0.42–0.99) | 0.87 (0.59–1.29) |
| Dissatisfied or Very dissatisfied | 26 (19.0) | 35 (18.3) | 471 (18.2) | 0.77 (0.44–1.33) | 0.91 (0.55–1.49) |
| How safe to walk alone after dark in this neighborhood | |||||
| Completely safe | 32 (23.7) | 44 (23.2) | 467 (18.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Fairly safe or Somewhat dangerous | 91 (67.4) | 139 (73.2) | 1976 (76.9) | 0.66 (0.43–1.03) | 0.74 (0.50–1.08) |
| Extremely dangerous | 12 (8.9) | 7 (3.7) | 126 (4.9) | 1.41 (0.67–2.95) | 0.59 (0.25–1.39) |
| No. adults you recognize in neighborhood | |||||
| Many adults or most or all adults | 71 (51.8) | 78 (40.8) | 1203 (46.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| A few adults or no adults | 66 (48.2) | 113 (59.2) | 1378 (53.4) | 0.80 (0.56–1.15) | 1.28 (0.93–1.76) |
| Neighborhood cohesion score1 | |||||
| <2.52 (median) (higher) | 75 (55.6) | 91 (48.4) | 1418 (55.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≥2.52 | 60 (44.4) | 97 (51.6) | 1131 (44.4) | 1.00 (0.70–1.44) | 1.35 (0.99–1.85) |
| No. relatives living in neighborhood | |||||
| Any | 39 (28.5) | 88 (46.1) | 1066 (41.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| None | 98 (71.5) | 103 (53.9) | 1511 (58.6) | 1.80 (1.21–2.66) | 0.82 (0.60–1.12) |
| No. friends living in neighborhood | |||||
| Any | 88 (64.2) | 133 (69.6) | 1820 (70.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| None | 49 (35.8) | 58 (30.4) | 757 (29.4) | 1.35 (0.92–1.97) | 1.05 (0.75–1.48) |
| No. groups participated in past 12 months | |||||
| Any | 54 (39.4) | 66 (34.6) | 720 (27.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| None | 83 (60.6) | 125 (65.5) | 1857 (72.1) | 0.58 (0.40–0.84) | 0.72 (0.52–1.01) |
| Neighborhood support score2 | |||||
| 1-<2 (higher) | 41 (29.9) | 45 (23.6) | 799 (31.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2-<4 | 78 (56.9) | 129 (67.5) | 1633 (63.4) | 0.93 (0.62–1.40) | 1.41 (0.98–2.04) |
| ≥4 | 18 (13.1) | 17 (8.9) | 142 (5.5) | 2.55 (1.36–4.77) | 2.22 (1.18–4.16) |
| No. neighbors talked to for 10 minutes in past 30 days | |||||
| Any | 109 (79.6) | 160 (83.8) | 2159 (83.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| None | 28 (20.4) | 31 (16.2) | 417 (16.2) | 1.33 (0.85–2.09) | 1.00 (0.65–1.53) |
| How close are you to closest neighbor | |||||
| Close friends, friendly but not close, acquaintances | 130 (95.6) | 179 (93.7) | 2429 (94.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Don’t get along with, don’t know or don’t have any contact with neighbors | 6 (4.4) | 12 (6.3) | 147 (5.7) | 0.75 (0.31–1.79) | 1.13 (0.59–2.15) |
| Family type | |||||
| Both parents present | 96 (66.7) | 137 (68.2) | 2161 (78.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Single parent or don’t live with either parent | 48 (33.3) | 64 (31.8) | 608 (22.0) | 1.81 (1.24–2.64) | 1.70 (1.22–2.37) |
| PCG current marital status | |||||
| Married or living with partner | 93 (64.6) | 142 (70.7) | 2151 (77.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Unmarried | 51 (35.4) | 59 (29.4) | 618 (22.3) | 1.96 (1.35–2.84) | 1.47 (1.05–2.06) |
| PCG current smoking status | |||||
| Yes | 28 (20.1) | 25 (12.6) | 256 (9.5) | 2.49 (1.57–3.97) | 1.40 (0.87–2.24) |
| No | 111 (79.9) | 173 (87.4) | 2443 (90.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Neighborhood Level | |||||
| Census tract level rating of neighborhood cohesion3 | |||||
| <2.32 (higher) | 49 (34.0) | 60 (29.9) | 633 (22.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2.32-<2.59 | 40 (27.8) | 51 (25.4) | 682 (24.6) | 0.75 (0.47–1.18) | 0.78 (0.51–1.18) |
| 2.59-<2.76 | 26 (18.6) | 44 (21.9) | 718 (25.9) | 0.45 (0.27–0.75) | 0.63 (0.41–0.97) |
| ≥2.76 | 29 (20.1) | 46 (22.9) | 736 (26.6) | 0.50 (0.30–0.81) | 0.65 (0.42–0.99) |
| Census tract level rating of neighborhood safety4 | |||||
| <1.86 (higher) | 44 (30.6) | 59 (29.4) | 646 (23.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1.86-<2.22 | 47 (32.6) | 50 (24.9) | 667 (24.1) | 1.04 (0.66–1.62) | 0.82 (0.54–1.24) |
| 2.22-<2.57 | 23 (16.0) | 45 (22.4) | 748 (27.0) | 0.44 (0.26–0.75) | 0.64 (0.42–0.99) |
| ≥2.57 | 30 (20.8) | 47 (23.4) | 708 (25.6) | 0.61 (0.37–1.01) | 0.72 (0.47–1.10) |
| Tract–level disadvantage5 | |||||
| <0.10 (lower) | 43 (29.9) | 57 (28.4) | 618 (22.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.10-<0.15 | 43 (29.9) | 47 (23.4) | 709 (25.6) | 0.87 (0.55–1.38) | 0.71 (0.46–1.09) |
| 0.15-<0.20 | 27 (18.8) | 39 (19.4) | 676 (24.4) | 0.56 (0.34–0.94) | 0.61 (0.39–0.95) |
| ≥0.20 | 31 (21.5) | 58 (28.9) | 766 (27.7) | 0.57 (0.35–0.94) | 0.82 (0.54–1.22) |
| Percent of tract in same home 5 years ago6 | |||||
| <0.46 | 25 (17.4) | 56 (27.9) | 722 (26.1) | 0.66 (0.39–1.13) | 1.03 (0.69–1.56) |
| 0.46-<0.52 | 30 (20.8) | 46 (22.9) | 672 (24.3) | 0.86 (0.51–1.43) | 0.91 (0.59–1.39) |
| 0.52-<0.58 | 51 (35.4) | 44 (21.9) | 642 (23.2) | 1.56 (0.99–2.47) | 0.91 (0.59–1.41) |
| ≥0.58 | 38 (26.4) | 55 (27.4) | 733 (26.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| One predominant race/ethnicity in census tract6 | |||||
| Yes | 91 (63.2) | 139 (69.2) | 2061 (74.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 53 (36.8) | 62 (30.9) | 708 (25.6) | 1.73 (1.20–2.51) | 1.32 (0.94–1.84) |
Average of responses for the following questions (with reverse coding where necessary): (a) This is a close–knit neighborhood; (b) There are adults kids can look up to; (c) People are willing to help their neighbors; (d) Neighbors generally don’t get along; (e) Adults watch out that kids are safe; (f) People in neighborhood don’t share same values; (g) People in neighborhood can be trusted; (h) Parents in neighborhood know kids friends; (i) Adults in neighborhood know local kids’ (j) Parents in neighborhood know each other; (k) Neighbors do something if kid hangs out; (l) Would do something if kid does graffiti; (m) Would scold kid if showing disrespect. Responses for a–j were: 1=strongly agree, 2=agree, 3=unsure, 4=disagree, 5=strongly disagree; Responses for k–m were: 1=very likely, 2=likely, 3=unsure, 4=unlikely, 5=very unlikely.
Average of responses (1=often, 2=sometimes, 3=rarely, 4=never) for the following questions: (a) How often do neighbors do favors for each other; (b) How often do neighbors watch each others property; (c) How often do neighbors ask advice.
This is the average of the neighborhood cohesion score for all adult respondents in a given census tract.
This is the average of the neighborhood safety responses for all adult respondents in a given census tract using the following numeric responses for each response: 1=completely safe, 2=fairly safe, 3=somewhat dangerous, 4=extremely dangerous.
This is the average of the following four variables for each census tract (based on U.S. Census 2000 data): percent poor families, percent households on public assistance, percent female headed families, percent male unemployment.
Based on U.S. Census 2000 data.