Table 1.
Mammalian specias and selected stimuli used to elicit emesis, conditioned flavour avoidance (CFA, and picaa
| Emesis | CFA | Pica | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cat | Cytotoxic drugs: | Cisplatin (McCarthy and Borison, 1984), Cyclophosphamide (Fetting et al., 1982) |
||
| Intragastric irritants: | Copper sulfate (Kayashima and Hyama, 1976) | |||
| Motion | (Crampton and Daunton, 1983) | (Fox et al., 1990) | ||
| Apomorphine | (Costello and Borison, 1977) | |||
| Morphine | (Villablanca et al., 1984) | |||
| Radiation | (Rabin et al., 1986b) | (Rabin et al., 1986b) | ||
| Nicotine | (Beleslin et al., 1981) | |||
| Hormones and neurotransmitters: | Angiotensin II (Rabin et al., 1986a) | |||
| Other: | Amphetamine (Rabin and Hunt, 1992) | |||
| Dog | Cytotoxic drugs: | Cisplatin (Gylys et al., 1979), Cyclophosphamide (Amber et al., 1990) |
||
| Intragastric irritants: | Ipecac (Gardner et al., 1996), Copper sulfate (Kayashima and Hayama, 1975) |
LiCl (Vavilova and Kassil, 1984) | ||
| Apomorphine | (Harrison et al., 1972) | |||
| Morphine | (Lefebvre et al., 1981) | |||
| Radiation | (Cooper and Mattsson, 1979) | |||
| Nicotine | (Vig, 1990) | |||
| Hormones and neurotransmitters: | CCK (Levine et al., 1984), Vasopressin (Wu et al., 1985), Peptide YY (Smith et al., 1989) |
|||
| Ferret | Cytotoxic drugs: | Cisplatin, cyclophosphamide (Andrews et al., 1990) | ||
| Intragastric irritants: | Copper sulfate, ipecac, NaCl, KCl (Andrews et al., 1990) | LiCl (Rabin and Hunt, 1992) | ||
| Apomorphine | (Andrews et al., 1990) | |||
| Morphine | (Barnes et al., 1991) | |||
| Radiation | (Andrews et al., 1990) | |||
| Guinea pig | Intragastric irritants: | LiCl (Braveman, 1974) | ||
| Hamster | Cytotoxic drugs: | Cyclophosphamide (Hobbs et al., 1976) | ||
| Intragastric irritants: | LiCl (Fox, 1977) | |||
| Apomorphine | (Nowlis et al., 1980) | |||
| Nicotine | (Etscorn et al., 1986) | |||
| Other: | 2-deoxy-d-glucose (Dibattista, 1988) | |||
| Human | Cytotoxic drugs: | Chemotherapy (Rudd and Andrews, 2005) | Chemotherapy (Schwartz et al., 1996) | |
| Intragastric irritants: | Ipecac (Jackson and Smith, 1978), Copper sulfate (Liu et al., 2001) |
Ipecac (Jackson and Smith, 1978) | ||
| Motion | (Yates et al., 1998) | (Arwas et al., 1989) | ||
| Apomorphine | (Schofferman, 1976) | |||
| Morphine | (Bailey et al., 1993) | |||
| Radiation | (Cordts et al., 1987) | (Carrell et al., 1986) | ||
| Hormones and neurotransmitters: | CCK (Miaskiewicz et al., 1989) | |||
| Other: | Pregnancy (Weigel and Weigel, 1989), Reduced intracranial pressure (Mokri, 2004) |
Pregnancy (Bayley et al., 2002) | Pregnancy (Corbett et al., 2003; Lopez et al., 2004), Gastric bypass surgery (Kushner et al., 2004) |
|
| Monkey | Cytotoxic drugs: | Cisplatin (Fukui et al., 1993) | Cyclophosphamide (Hikami et al., 1990) | |
| Intragastric irritants: | Copper sulfate (Fukui et al., 1993) | LiCl (Bergman and Glowa, 1986) | ||
| Motion | (Wilpizeski et al., 1987) | (Wilpizeski et al., 1987) | ||
| Radiation | (Brizzee, 1956) | |||
| Nicotine | (Spealman, 1983) | |||
| Hormones and neurotransmitters: | CCK (Perera et al., 1993) | |||
| Mouse | Cytotoxic drugs: | Cisplatin (Yamamoto et al., 2002a) | ||
| Intragastric irritants: | LiCl (Risinger and Cunningham, 2000) | |||
| Motion | (Kinney et al., 1993) | (Santucci et al., 2002) | ||
| Radiation | (Kimeldorf et al., 1960) | |||
| Nicotine | (Etscorn, 1980) | |||
| Other: | Magnetic field (Lockwood et al., 2003) | |||
| Rat | Cytotoxic drugs: | Cisplatin (Rudd et al., 1998), Cyclophosphamide (Ader, 1976) |
Cisplatin (Takeda et al., 1993) | |
| Intragastric irritants: | Ipecac (Rudd et al., 1998), Copper sulfate (Coil et al., 1978), LiCl (Coil et al., 1978) |
LiCl, Copper sulfate (Hasegawa et al., 1992) | ||
| Motion | (Hutchison, Jr., 1973) | (Mitchell et al., 1977a) | ||
| Apomorphine | (Krane et al., 1976) | (Hasegawa et al., 1992) | ||
| Morphine | (Aung et al., 2004) | |||
| Radiation | (Garcia et al., 1955) | (Yamamoto et al., 2002b) | ||
| Nicotine | (Etscorn et al., 1987) | |||
| Hormones and neurotransmitters: | NPY (Sipols et al., 1992), CCK (Ervin et al., 1995) |
NPY (Woods et al., 1998), CCK (McCutcheon et al., 1992) |
||
| Other: | Fat oxidation inhibitors (Singer et al., 1999), 2-deoxy-d-glucose (Stephan et al., 1999), Magnetic field (Houpt et al., 2003) | 2-deoxy-d-glucose (Watson et al., 1987) | ||
| House Musk Shrew (Suncus murinus) | Cytotoxic drugs: | Cisplatin, cyclophosphamide (Matsuki et al., 1988) | ||
| Intragastric irritants: | Copper sulfate, ipecac (Ueno et al., 1987), LiCl (Parker et al., 2004) | LiCl (Smith et al., 2001a) | ||
| Motion | (Ueno et al., 1988) | (Smith et al., 2001a) | ||
| Radiation | (Torii et al., 1993) | |||
| Nicotine | (Ueno et al., 1987) | Smith et al., 2001a) | ||
| Hormones and neurotransmitters: | Vasopressin (Ikegaya and Matsuki, 2002) | |||
a
For some stimuli only representative studies or review papers are cited. Only the most common mammalian species used in the study of emesis and malaise are shown. A common set of emetic and nauseogenic stimuli, including cytotoxic drugs, intragastric irritants, etc., are included, but a few less commonly used stimuli are also listed because they demonstrate the broad spectrum of stimuli that can produce emesis, CFA, and pica.