Table 2.
Environmental risk factors of HCC.
| Factor | Total |
Absence of hepatitis virus |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases/controls 347/1075 | AOR (95% CI)a | Cases/controls 190/1039 | AOR (95% CI)b | |
| Cigarette smokingc | ||||
| No | 111/566 | 1 | 72/545 | 1 |
| Yes | 236/509 | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 118/494 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) |
| ≤20 pack-year | 97/250 | 1.5 (0.9–2.2) | 44/244 | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) |
| >20 pack-year | 137/259 | 2 (1.4–2.9) | 72/250 | 1.8 (1.2–2.7) |
| Alcohol consumptiond | ||||
| Never | 119/475 | 1 | 74/457 | 1 |
| Mild/moderate drinking | 153/533 | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 81/521 | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) |
| Heavy drinkingd | 73/64 | 3.1 (1.8–5.2) | 34/59 | 3.5 (2–6.3) |
| Diabetes mellituse | ||||
| No | 227/963 | 1 | 111/932 | 1 |
| Yes | 120/112 | 4.4 (3–6.3) | 79/107 | 4.9 (3.3–7.1) |
| ≤1 years | 15/29 | 3.1 (1.5–6.4) | 12/29 | 3.2 (1.5–6.7) |
| >1 years | 103/83 | 4.6 (3.1–6.8) | 65/78 | 5.2 (3.5–7.9) |
| Hepatitis virus status | ||||
| No virus infection | 190/1039 | 1 | ||
| Anti-HCV+ | 79/6 | 79.2 (30.6–204.8) | ||
| HBsAg+/anti-HBc+ | 27/3 | 75.9 (20.5–281.1) | ||
| HBsAg−/anti-HBc+ | 18/24 | 4.1 (2–8.2) | ||
| Both HBV&HCV | 33/3 | 49.5 (14.3–171.5) | ||
Logistic model included subjects’ age, sex, race, educational level, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, family history of cancer, anti-HCV, HBsAg, and anti-HBc.
Logistic model included subjects’ age, sex, race, educational level, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, and family history of cancer.
Ever smokers were defined as subjects who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes during their lifetime; duration of smoking was missing from 2 HCC patients.
Ever-alcohol drinkers were defined as subjects who had consumed at least four alcoholic drinks of beer, wine, or hard liquor each month for 6 months in their lifetime. Heavy drinking = ≥60 mL ethanol/day; duration of drinking was missing from two HCC patients and three controls.
Duration of diabetes mellitus was missing from two HCC patients.