Table 4.
Risk of mortality during 24 years of follow-up according to number of lifestyle risk factors in never smokers*
| Death from any cause | Cardiovascular death | Cancer death | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Three risk factors: low diet quality, low physical activity, overweight† | |||
| Relative risk (95% CI): | |||
| No risk factors (7.7%)‡ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| One risk factor (27%) | 1.20 (1.02 to 1.43) | 1.44 (0.91 to 2.27) | 1.19 (0.95 to 1.49) |
| Two risk factors (41%) | 1.54 (1.31 to 1.81) | 2.24 (1.44 to 3.46) | 1.37 (1.11 to 1.70) |
| Three risk factors (25%) | 2.17 (1.83 to 2.57) | 3.58 (2.30 to 5.58) | 1.75 (1.39 to 2.19) |
| Population attributable risk (%) for having any of the three risk factors (95% CI) | 34.3 (18.9 to 48.0) | 56.1 (27.7 to 75.5) | 22.8 (−0.01 to 44.3) |
| Four risk factors: above three and alcohol abstinence or heavy drinking§ | |||
| Relative risk (95% CI) | |||
| No risk factors (5.4%)‡ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| One risk factor (20%) | 1.25 (1.01 to 1.53) | 1.18 (0.70 to 1.99) | 1.39 (1.05 to 1.83) |
| Two risk factors (34%) | 1.48 (1.22 to 1.81) | 1.78 (1.08 to 2.92) | 1.42 (1.08 to 1.85) |
| Three risk factors (30%) | 1.95 (1.60 to 2.38) | 2.64 (1.61 to 4.33) | 1.70 (1.30 to 2.22) |
| Four risk factors (10%) | 2.64 (2.13 to 3.26) | 3.94 (2.35 to 6.60) | 2.11 (1.57 to 2.83) |
| Population attributable risk (%) for having any of the four risk factors (95% CI) | 41.5 (24.3 to 56.2) | 60.9 (28.3 to 80.9) | 25.7 (−1.4 to 49.3) |
*Relative risks and population attributable risks adjusted for age (5 year age categories) and time period (four periods); additionally adjusted for alcohol consumption (0, 1-4, 5-14, 15-29, ≥30.0 g/d) for the “three risk factor” model.
†Low diet quality: healthy diet score in lower three fifths; low physical activity: <30 min/day; overweight: body mass index ≥25.
‡Prevalence in 1990.
§0 or ≥15 g/day alcohol.