Table 3.

Standardized total effects and t test statistics

Independent variable	Young adult light smoking (T3)
Parental education (T1)	−.07(t = −3.22)*
	History of parental smoking (T2)	.24(t = 3.96)*
Perceived discrimination (T2)		.07(t = 3.54)*
	Peer group smoking (T2)	.13(t = 4.15)*
Youth maladaptive personality and behavior (T2)		.24(t = 3.64)*
	Late adolescent light smoking (T2)	.47(t = 9.25)*

^*Note. p < .001 (two-tailed test).