Table 2.
Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives total and subscale means by smoking level and significant differences between smoking levels in adjusted regression analyses
| Score (SD) by smoking level |
p value |
||||||
| Low-level | Light | Moderate/heavy | Low-level versus light | Low-level versus moderate/heavy | Light versus moderate/heavy | Overall | |
| WISDM-68 subscale | |||||||
| Affiliative attachment | 2.66 (1.70) | 3.80 (1.96) | 4.72 (1.81) | >.0001 | >.0001 | .0003 | >.0001 |
| Automaticity | 3.67 (1.84) | 4.22 (1.85) | 5.57 (1.36) | .01 | >.0001 | >.0001 | >.0001 |
| Behavioral choice/melioration | 2.98 (1.71) | 4.24 (1.78) | 5.22 (1.66) | .0009 | >.0001 | .0004 | >.0001 |
| Cognitive enhancement | 2.79 (1.37) | 3.55 (1.42) | 4.26 (1.59) | ns | >.0001 | >.0001 | >.0001 |
| Craving | 2.63 (1.65) | 2.93 (1.67) | 3.86 (1.82) | >.0001 | >.0001 | .0011 | >.0001 |
| Cue exposure/associative processes | 3.39 (1.61) | 4.85 (1.55) | 5.54 (1.45) | .0016 | >.0001 | .004 | >.0001 |
| Loss of control | 3.87 (1.27) | 4.49 (1.31) | 5.00 (1.31) | >.0001 | >.0001 | >.0001 | >.0001 |
| Negative reinforcement | 4.04 (1.65) | 4.40 (1.61) | 5.15 (1.66) | ns | >.0001 | .0006 | >.0001 |
| Positive reinforcement | 3.50 (1.63) | 4.09 (1.81) | 4.72 (1.78) | ns | >.0001 | .0045 | >.0001 |
| Social/environmental goads | 3.63 (2.04) | 3.88 (1.88) | 4.00 (2.08) | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Taste/sensory processes | 3.55 (1.49) | 4.18 (1.55) | 4.91 (1.51) | .0135 | >.0001 | .0005 | >.0001 |
| Tolerance | 3.00 (1.64) | 4.30 (1.62) | 5.37 (1.31) | >.0001 | >.0001 | >.0001 | >.0001 |
| Weight control | 2.57 (1.64) | 2.94 (1.67) | 3.42 (1.92) | ns | .0019 | .0520 | .0076 |
| WISDM-68 total | 42.29 (15.67) | 52.08 (15.21) | 61.74 (15.55) | .0001 | >.0001 | >.0001 | >.0001 |