Table 3.
Age- and sex-adjusted and multivariate relationship between carotenoids and other risk factors with all-cause mortality in older adults
| Characteristic | HR | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | |||
| Plasma carotenoids (μmol/l) | Pa for trend | 0.0005 | |
| Tertile 1 | 1.00 | – | – |
| Tertile 2 | 0.881 | 0.681–1.140 | 0.34 |
| Tertile 3 | 0.627 | 0.470–0.836 | 0.002 |
| Age (years) | 1.146 | 1.130–1.163 | <0.001 |
| Sex (female) | 0.648 | 0.517–0.812 | 0.0002 |
| Model 2 | |||
| Plasma carotenoids (μmol/l) | Pa for trend | 0.04 | |
| Tertile 1 | 1.00 | – | – |
| Tertile 2 | 0.985 | 0.731–1.327 | 0.92 |
| Tertile 3 | 0.716 | 0.514–0.995 | 0.04 |
| Age (years) | 1.152 | 1.129–1.175 | <0.001 |
| Sex (female) | 0.589 | 0.446–0.779 | 0.0002 |
| Education (years) | 1.152 | 1.129–1.175 | 0.18 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.152 | 1.129–1.175 | 0.91 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1.004 | 0.977–1.032 | 0.77 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.310 | 1.137–1.510 | 0.0002 |
| Coronary heart disease | 1.072 | 0.643–1.787 | 0.79 |
| Cancer | 1.748 | 1.099–2.779 | 0.02 |
| Stroke | 1.561 | 1.318–1.850 | <0.0001 |
| Current smoking | 1.500 | 1.020–2.205 | 0.04 |
a
P for trend was obtained by considering carotenoids level as an ordinal variable